Leading By Example Essays - 567 Words

My father once told me what makes you a man is taking care of your responsibilities and leading by example. I know now what he meant by that saying. He was telling me that a good man is responsible for taking care of his family and being a good role model. For most of us, family is the foundation for the type of people we become in the future. They sets the path for our lives; they are mostly responsible for our values and beliefs as we spend most of our time around family. Most people adapt to their surroundings. We become part of the environment we are in on a daily basis. Therefore, I believe family determines the path of our life; it shapes our mentality of life and our ambitions for the future. Family can lead us towards success†¦show more content†¦Yet in most cases the apple doesn’t fall from the tree. Saij states, â€Å"Sometimes people do get ‘programmed’ to do bad things. There is a mountain of evidence that shows children who grow up in abusive households are far more likely to become abusive themselves.† (2007) Retrieved February 4, 2010 from: www.dailykos.com/story/2007/4/19/193444/034 We don’t get to choose our family, we are born into them. From the time we are conceived until the time we explore the world on our own, we spend most of our life around family. As children we are taught by our parents, and follow many of their actions. Not only are our parents responsible for our health, they are also responsible for our upbringing. These are the years we are taught right from wrong. After we are taught the basic fundamentals of good behavior then comes the difficult part. From childhood to adolescence is where we pick up the habits of our environments. This is the most vital time when we need our families to lead us in the right direction by being positive role models. We are introduced to many new things at this point in life, especially negative ones. This is when a caring and healthy family can steer you away from going down the wrong path. The most important reason family determines the path of your life is because they are responsible for our values and beliefs. FamilyShow MoreRelatedExamples of Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling711 Words   |  3 Pagespeople work in? Scott Adams, creator of Dilbert the hugely popular comic strip character, chose to go to one of Americas leading industrial design firms, Ideo to redesign the cubicle. (8:00) In Good Company (2009) Imagine coming to work at a company where trust, collaboration, and communication are equally as important as the bottom line. (4:40) Part Three: Leading HP CEO Affair Scandal (2010) HP CEO Mark Hurd was fired after allegations he used company money to fund an extramaritalRead MoreViolence: Leading Cause of Death Essay example601 Words   |  3 Pagesof physical or verbal force against self or other, compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt. Violence is every where around the world. Each year 1.6 million people world wide lose their lives to violence. Violence is among the leading causes of death for people aged 15-44 years worldwide; 14% of deaths among males and 7% among females. Neurobiologist Jan Volavka says â€Å"violent behavior is defined as overt and intentional physically aggressive behavior against another person.† whichRead MoreI Am A Big Believer Of Leading By Example1895 Words   |  8 PagesI am a big believer of leading by example; my philosophy with getting across to our youth in this era is â€Å"yes you can.† Kids tend to give up so easier now a day than before, because o f the negativity and so many different ways out. With technology and parents being easier on their kids, it’s hard to have kids be active this day in age. My philosophy in life leading into a teacher is to over prepare and to treat the kids as one of mine. You can’t treat the kids as a stat or just a number in your class;Read MoreWhat Type Of Examples That Are Leading For Our Health Care?1271 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluences so many different aspects of our life than what individuals really believe it does. It influences the longevity of our lives, whether we will develop preventable chronic diseases throughout our lives. It influences what type of examples that we are leading for our children and families. It even influences our work performance and how well our companies will be able to provide affordable health care to their employees and also to their families. When employees engage in a healthy lifestyleRead MoreLeading Innovation At Kelvingrove (A), Case Study Es say example1888 Words   |  8 Pagesapplication but uses these elements creatively in combination with new ones to form a uniquely different product.† (Utterback, 1996, p. 2) O’Neil used this concept at his first museum at Springburn rather than doing the history of locomotive building, for example, the staff created an exhibition on the history of work. â€Å"It covered all the important history, but it came right up to date and engaged with unemployment and training and what work meant where so many were unemployed,† (Liedtka Salzman, 2009, pRead MoreShort answer leading and motivating a team Essay example2441 Words   |  10 PagesShort answer questions 1 - Leading and motivating a team effectively Know how to communicate the organisation’s vision and strategy to the team 1.1 Explain the importance of the team having a common sense of purpose that supports the overall vision and strategy of the organisation (16 marks) A shared sense of purpose in an organisation is important as it unites employees working in an organisation and can also extend to external stakeholders. An organisations shared sense of purpose representsRead MoreWinslow Homer: One of Americas Leading Painters Essay examples526 Words   |  3 Pages Recognized as one of America’s leading painters, Winslow Homer is commended for his talent in art. His skill made him the major American watercolorist and marine painting of all time. Born in Boston on February 24, 1836, he lived there until he was 23. He began his career as a commercial painter. He was sent to the front in Virginia as an artist-correspondent for a new illustrated journal in October 1861. During the course of his artist occupation, Homer’s most noted and favorite subject was theRead MoreEvents Leading Up to the The Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay examples1203 Words   |  5 Pagesculture is most important in order to become a successful business entity. After En ron’s unethical failure and the legal actions taken against top officials, section 802 plays an important role in order to protect the interest of investors. For example, Jeffery Skilling, the COO of Enron was sentenced to prison for 24 years and 4 months, Kenneth Lay died before he was convicted, and Andrew Fastow was sentenced to prison for 10 years. Many other Enron employees and people involved in the scandalRead MoreLeading The War of 1812: Sir Isaac Brock and Tecumseh Essay example1621 Words   |  7 Pageswestward and stopped the British from impeding on the United States trade routes, which changed all of North America. While the British may be responsible for the War of 1812, James Madison started it by filing a declaration of war. In the Years leading up to the War, American ships trading in Europe were consistently being lost. Even though the Revolutionary War had been over at this point, the British enforced laws that had once been established from before the A merican Revolution, and used theseRead MoreThe Principles Of A Leader919 Words   |  4 Pagesthe leading by example, habitually choosing the harder right rather than the easier wrong, and consistently being cognizant of an overarching purpose. Although my development as a leader is far from over, I strongly believe that the practice of these three tenets will yield success in my endeavors as an Army officer. In this paper I will describe how these three tenets are essential to leading others through exploring their application to military leadership. Tenet 1: Always Lead by Example Leading

An Effective Feasibility Study Looks At The Entire Project...

Inexperienced programmers often prefer to tackle the coding to a solution first, and skip the planning phase. However, it is wise to take the time to plan your project before you begin programming. An effective feasibility study looks at the entire project and tries to determine if what you want to undertake is possible to do, valid, and worthwhile. There are four main steps in a feasibility study: Step One – Problem Definition This is a short description (one paragraph) of the application that you plan to make. A discussion of the game you have chosen to develop (as well a description of the end users of the software) should be included. Our company has been employed by a website which hosts online games to create a Breakout style game that incorporates the core gameplay features of the original title, while making modifications and improvements for a novel play experience. Our client’s website will host the game for free and earn money on advertisements. As a result, our potential user base is relatively broad because it includes any individuals who frequent online gaming websites. Step Two – Problem Analysis At this stage, you need to look at any constraints or problems that you expect to encounter. A description of how you intend to deal with them should also be included. Items to consider: Hardware required to run the application: This game will be hosted on a website, and as a result, it necessitates internet access. Breakout is a relativelyShow MoreRelatedNew Product Development7184 Words   |  29 Pages.........................................13 3.5 Integrated Product Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..19 3.6 Latest Trends in NPD........................................................................................26 4. Cadbury Case Study Analysis..................................................................................27 5. Bibliography ................................................................................................................30 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Read MoreProject Management32831 Words   |  132 PagesGIS PROJECT MANAGEMENT MSc Thesis Dissertation submitted in part fulfillment for the degree of Master of Science in Geographical Information Systems April 1997 J.G.A. Bestebreurtje Manchester Metropolitan University Mentor: Prof. Dr. H.J. 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All rights reserved. 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War Dogs Free Essays

string(123) " the declaration of war by America’s government, the American Kennel Club began a program called â€Å"Dogs for Defense†\." Man’s Greatest Ally It is not a new idea to use dogs in combat; for thousands of years dogs have been used in war. Almost all of the greatest civilizations that have ruled have used dogs as key component in their military tactics. Historical records have shown that dogs were used as watch guards for the Egyptians during periods of war (specifically during the Middle Kingdom) and that the Romans made entire attack formations of dogs to help with their various land conquering campaigns. We will write a custom essay sample on War Dogs or any similar topic only for you Order Now These dogs were bred for combat and were often given armor and spiked collars to make them more lethal in combat. In more recent years, dogs are used in other combat situations. In 1988, Israeli Special Forces used dogs as an attack force against a terrorist organization in Lebanon. In America, dogs have been used in combat for well over 180 years. Though the canine’s military missions and methods have changed since that 1830’s, their importance in combat remains just as critical. However, the public in general does not realize the significance of dogs in warfare as well as in homeland security. In America, the first recorded use of dogs by the military was during the Second Seminole War in 1835. The military had hired five dog handlers and 33 bloodhounds to help track and detain the Seminoles and runaway slaves that were hiding in the swamps of Florida and Louisiana. Several states (New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Indiana) protested the use of dogs by the military and sent several petitions to Congress. Most of these protesters were Quakers that believed it was wrong to make these dogs hunt like savages. Though many petitions were sent, Congress dismissed all of the protests and allowed the military to use the dogs in combat. Dogs were not used by the military for another 20 years. During the Civil War both the Union and the Confederate Armies recorded the use of dogs a mascots, sentries, and guards. Interestingly, the dogs were not supposed to assume these roles, originally their masters brought them into the military as a source of companionship, not protection. One of the most recognizable dogs during the Civil War was Sallie, a brindle bull terrier. Sallie joined the 11th Pennsylvania Infantry Unit at the beginning of the war as a pup and served the unit as source comfort, inspiration, and loyalty to their cause. In the heat of battle Sallie would bark and intimidate Confederate soldiers and lick the wounds of her fallen comrades. Sallie survived such battles as Gettysburg and Oak Ridge. Sallie met her untimely death at Hatcher’s Run, Virginia by a bullet to the head. Her unit cared about her so much that they buried her immediately, even though the battle was still raging on. There were several other dog mascots in the Civil War, though none matched the popularity of Sallie. The use of dogs changed during the Spanish-American War from a relatively docile role to a more militarily useful function. It was recorded by Teddy Roosevelt and his â€Å"Rough Riders†, that dogs were scouts that helped navigate the dense jungle terrain in Cuba and patrols for the horses. This is also the first time in American military history that the dogs used were actually trained in navigation and protection tactics. Dogs were again used as mascots during the Spanish-American War for the military. In an old photograph, taken in 1900, the USS Texas (a vessel used during the war) depicted fellow crewman with their mascots–a cat and a dog (both unnamed). The role of the dog expanded even more during the Great War. During this time period a vast amount of dogs were employed as: sentries, messengers, ammunition food carriers, scouts, sled dogs, draught dogs (water carriers), guard dogs, Red Cross casualty dogs (carrying med packs), and even cigarette dogs. The German armies had a total of 30,000 dogs in service during the war, France had over 20,000, and Italy supplied the Allies with 3,000 dogs. Americans did not have any organized dog units and ended up borrowing several dog units from France and Britain during the war. There were over ten different breeds of dogs that were used during WWI; each breed was used for different tasks. The most popular group of dogs was the Red Cross Causality dogs (A. K. A. mercy dogs). These dogs were first trained by the Germans to carry medical supplies and seek out wounded soldiers. If a soldier was clearly dying the mercy dog would lie down next to him and provide the soldier comfort as he died. These dogs have been credited to saving a numerous amount of lives during the war by being able to reach wounded soldiers with med packs at lightning speeds. The Red Cross dog method was quickly copied by the Ally troops. During the war both the Allies and the Germans began searching for the perfect breed of dog (specifically the best Red Cross dogs). They wanted a dog that was black or gray in color, one with a good sense of smell and sight, and medium in build. The people working on this project also realized that mixed breeds performed better than purebred dogs and began to focus on crossbreeding. The use of Red Cross dogs died along with the use of trench warfare. Messenger dogs were major contributors to the war effort on both sides of the conflict. These dogs were trained to send messages between the front lines and command headquarters when the phone lines were down. The messenger dogs have often been attributed for circuitously saving the lives of many soldiers by providing vital information to them when their main source of communication (phones) was shut down. By WWII, Germany again had the largest number of dogs used in combat (an estimated over 200,000 dogs). This time however, America had finally established a military program called the K-9 Corp in 1942. After the Pearl Harbor attack and the declaration of war by America’s government, the American Kennel Club began a program called â€Å"Dogs for Defense†. You read "War Dogs" in category "Essay examples" This program requested all dog owners in America to donate quality dogs to the Quartermaster Corps for the K-9 program. The â€Å"Dogs for Defense† program was able to receive over 19,000 dogs and over thirty different breeds of dog. When these dogs entered the canine program 45% of them were sent back and considered unfit for military training. The breed of dogs chosen after this period was shrunk down to five (Dobermans, German Shepherds, Belgium Sheep Dogs, Farm Collies, and Giant Schnauzers). Originally these dogs were to be used mainly to protect civilian war plants (arsenal factories) however, there became a growing need for sentry dogs for the soldiers overseas. Basic training for a dog would last eight to twelve weeks and they would be trained to wear gas masks, muzzles, ride vehicles, and remain calm under gunfire. The dogs were also trained in basic commands (sit, roll over, stay, etc. ). After basic training, the dogs were then instructed in one of four specialized jobs: sentry, patrol, messenger, and mine detection. The only new job for dogs was mine detection, which consisted of detecting booby traps, trip wires, metallic and non-metallic mines. This program was not largely successful because the dogs had a hard time detecting these traps in combat. Alene Erlanger, a civilian consultant of the Quartermaster General, wrote a report on the misconceptions of the use of dogs in the military. She stated the public considered military dogs to be vicious killers and this view was completely false. Erlanger described the dogs as protectors of soldiers through their different combat roles such as delivering messages under fire and detecting enemy positions. Erlanger urged the readers change their skewed view of military dogs and acknowledge these heroes for their role in saving thousands of American lives in combat. When the war was over, all the donated dogs were were returned to their original owners; however, before being returned the dogs were trained to readjust to a civilian lifestyle. Sadly, some of these dogs (suffering from doggy PTSD) were unable to assimilate back in with society and were put down. After WWII the US lost interest in the War Dog programs, they closed most of all but one program, transferred dog training to the Military Police Corp, and moved the remaining 26th Scout Dog Program to Fort Carson, Colorado. The 26th platoon served in the Korean War for two years (1951 – 1953) and was very successful, receiving three silver stars, six bronze stars for valor, and thirty-six bronze stars for meritorious service. After being in Fort Carson for six years the 26th Scout Dog Platoon, along with the War Dog Training Center was moved to Fort Benning, Georgia. Another change that occurred was that the Air Force became the primary service to use the dogs. During the late fifties and early sixties, the Air Force developed expensive aircrafts and housed state-of-the-art weaponry, thus increasing the requirement for more sentry dogs to protect these valuable assets. Consequently, the Air Force established another War Dog Training Center in Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. At the commencement of the Vietnam War, dogs were not immediately placed in the combat zone. However, by 1960, the United States Air Force K-9 Corp stationed teams in Vietnam primarily for dog sentry research. It wasn’t until 1965 when the military finally allowed dogs to participate in the war; by the end of the year 100 dogs were in Vietnam. The combat role of these dogs differed from the canine missions in WWII and the Korean War. These dogs were trained to track Viet-Cong trails and to detect the hidden booby traps placed in the jungles. Again the majority of dogs were sentry dogs, however, with the primary mission to detect the deadly sapper teams that attacked base camps at night. The military dogs were largely successful and in an article written during the Vietnam War they were described as â€Å"our enemies worst enemy†. This article, written by SP4 Wain Rubenstein, described the rigorous training the sentry dog underwent to prepare for Vietnam. He detailed the working conditions of the dogs, the long night hours they remained alert to protect the base from any intruders, and the critical need for their acute olfactory senses to detect the faintest odor of a near by trap or Viet-Cong. Rubenstein also acknowledged the handlers (the dog’s master) needed to be as proficient as the dogs, in terms of physically fitness, mentally capacity, and their ability to establish a bond with the dog. Without these qualities the dog would not live up to its full potential. By the end of the Vietnam War, 4000 American dogs were sent to Vietnam and they were accredited with saving over 10,000 lives in the process of 10 years. Unfortunately, of those 4000 dogs, only 200 returned home. In an article written by CNN, the surviving handlers of the Vietnam War discussed their memories of the war and their dogs. All expressed sorrow for the dogs they left buried in the Vietnam soil. The article clearly demonstrated the handler’s strong emotional bond with their respective dogs, a connection that they still remember almost a half century later. After the Vietnam War the role of dogs in the military was reduced to a division of the military police unit. In 1967 the military established the Air Force Security Police Dog Training School which was school that trained dogs to work security with officers. The school, which still stands today, trains dogs to remain clam when approached by unfamiliar people, to discriminate between a threatening gesture and an accepting gesture; to remain alert; to willingly enter vehicles with other people and dogs without becoming hostile; and to be obedient both with or without a leash. The dogs are trained to enter empty buildings to search for hidden intruders and to examine areas to find lost or concealed objects. The dogs are taught to aggressively attack an enemy with a simple command of the handler and just as quickly stop when commanded by the handler. I personally witnessed this training when interviewing a dog handler on Peterson Air Force K-9 Unit; Ssgt. Chris Kench demonstrated a routine training scenario with his dog Gina. The exercises commenced with a simple work out course that incorporated running, jumping, climbing, and crawling for a total of fifteen minutes. Next, Ssgt Kench demonstrated the four commands with Gina. The first command was to attack a person (in this case a person in a protective suit) that is running away from the handler, the next command was when the handler instructed the dog to stop her attack, and the third command was when the handler commanded the dog to attack, but then commanded the dog to heel before actually touching the suspect. The last command isn’t really a command, but an instinct, which was when the handler was attacked, the dog attacked the enemy without consent from his handler. Upon further discussion with Ssgt. Kench I discovered that Peterson Air Force Base has the second largest K-9 unit with seventeen dogs. The only post that exceeds this number is Andrews AFB, MD, which is the post that provides security dogs for the president. Ssgt. Kench also stated that the breed of dogs currently used in the Air Force have shrunk to two (the German Shepard and the Belgium Malinois). Both of these were chosen because of their quick maneuverability and their exceptional detection skills. Ssgt Kench went on to say that these dogs only last nine to twelve years before retiring due to old age, hip displacement, and disease. When the dogs retire they are often adopted by their last handlers and spend the reminder of their lives as civilians. Dogs have been an invaluable resource to the US military for well over 180 years. Whether as messengers, patrollers, or just as simple mascots, they have provided America with a sense of comfort and protection. Many of these dogs have directly contributed to saving thousands of lives and they deserve recognition for work they have done. Military dogs have been in almost every war that America has participated in and their roles and missions have continued to evolve with each conflict. Yet throughout history they have continually received little if any acknowledgment by the public for their efforts and were almost eradicated after the Korean War. It is important that we as a country recognize these small heroes for their critical role in the history of our country and appreciate that they are mans greatest ally. Mans Greatest Ally: Dog Contributions the US Military Victor Jacoby APUSH Per. Mr. Zuckerman March 3, 2012 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War!. † WebTV community home pages. http://community-2. webtv. net/Hahn-50thAP-K9/K9History/ (accessed February 29, 2012). [ 2 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War!. † [ 3 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War! [ 4 ]. State of New York. â€Å"Sallie. † The State of New York and the Civil War. http://www. nycivilwar. us/sallie. html (accessed February 27, 2012). [ 5 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War! [ 6 ]. Robinson , Donald. USS Texas (1895-1911). 1900. Navy Historical Center, USS Texas. Department of Navy – Navy Historical Center. Web. 3 Mar. 2012. [ 7 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War! [ 8 ]. Hubble, Bert. â€Å"K-9 History: War Dogs In The U. S. Military. † 47th Scout Dog Platoon Web Site. http://www. 47ipsd. us/47k9hist. htm (accessed March 4, 2012). [ 9 ]. â€Å"Red Cross Dogs. † The Literary Digest, March 24, 1917. [ 10 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War! [ 11 ]. US Army Quartermaster Foundation. â€Å"War Dogs. † Army Quartermaster Foundation, Inc.. ttp://www. qmfound. com/K-9. htm (accessed March 2, 2012). [ 12 ]. US Army Quartermaster Foundation. â€Å"War Dogs. † [ 13 ]. Erlanger, Alene. â€Å"The Truth About War Dogs. † The Quartermaster Review, March 1944. [ 14 ]. US Army Quartermaster Foundation. â€Å"War Dogs. † [ 15 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War! [ 16 ]. Hubble, Ber t. â€Å"K-9 History: War Dogs In The U. S. Military. † [ 17 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War! [ 18 ]. Rubenstein, Wain. â€Å"Scout Dogs: Enemie’s Worst Enemy. † Danger Forward, The Magazine of the Big Red One, June 1969. 19 ]. Rubenstein, Wain. â€Å"Scout Dogs: Enemie’s Worst Enemy. † [ 20 ]. Ravitz, Jessica. â€Å"War dogs remembered, decades later – Page 3 – CNN. † Featured Articles from CNN. http://articles. cnn. com/2010-02-12/living/war. dogs_1_dogs-lab-and-shepherd-mix-viet-cong/3? _s=PM:LIVING (accessed February 24, 2012). [ 21 ]. Newton, Tom. â€Å"K-9 History: The Dogs Of War! [ 22 ]. Kench, Chris. Interview by author. Personal interview. Peterson Air Force Base K-9 Unit, February 26, 2012. [ 23 ]. Kench, Chris. Interview by author. Personal interview. How to cite War Dogs, Essay examples

Freedom in The Shawshank Redemption Essay Example For Students

Freedom in The Shawshank Redemption Essay In The Shawshank Redemption, director explores the idea of freedom using many techniques ways, he uses the symbols of birds to represents the ability to go anywhere and do anything at anytime. The Posters which represent the outside, world, which drives each inmates hopes and dreams. One symbol used is the The rock hammer, which keeps him busy and doesn’t let his mind sink into depression. When Andy plays Nozze di Figaro on loud speaker it represents that the guards cant take away the freedom of their minds. By helping and giving others a reason to not give up,finds purpose Andy and a reason not to give up. The theme freedom in The Shawshank Redemption is shown through The poster of Rita Hayworth and other girls in the movie. They represents the outside world, drive and every inmate’s desire to have freedom. Through-out the movie Andy tells Red that sometimes he imagines stepping right through the poster into another life. Even though it is known that Andy uses the poster to conceal the hole in the concrete, Rita Hayworth embelishes his sense of hope and keeps him grounded, in the hope that one day he will have a normal life. It takes Andy nineteen years to hammer his way through the walls of Shawshank. Having the rock hammer makes Andy feel free because it gives Andy a sense of normality, and a chance to do something he did before Shawshank. Andy used the rock hammar to keep busy, to keep his mind alive and to give him some freedom from his most darkest thoughts. Perhaps the biggest and most stubborn enemy was the prison walls. Andy took his time overcoming this particular object for his freedom. The Warden tried to cage him in, but Andy had too much will power, and a lot of determination, for that’s all it really took, as Red narrated: â€Å"Geology is the study of pressure and time. Thats all it takes really, pressure, and time. † When Andy plays Le Nozze di Figaro on the loud-speakers in the prison, everyone stops in awe of the beauty of this mystrious women singing, for something so beautiful can make everyone forget even though just for a minute who and where they are. The prisoners and the guards put away their sorrow and hatred and just stand still as if they are all equal. â€Å"I have no idea to this day what those two Italian ladies were singing about. Truth is, I dont want to know. Some things are best left unsaid. Id like to think they were singing about something so beautiful, it cant be expressed in words† â€Å"I tell you, those voices soared higher and farther than anybody in a grey place dares to dream. † In this scene the camera pans up into a high angle shot, given an impression that it’s taken from a bird flying past observing what’s taking place. That connects to when Red says: â€Å"It was like some beautiful bird flapped into our drab little cage and made those walls dissolve away, and for the briefest of moments, every last man in Shawshank felt free†. Birds are also used to represent characters, which are needed to be reabilitated. When Andy came to Shawshank a stiff breeze could have blown him over but then as he grows strong and he escaped. This connects Andy to Jake Brookes bird Then once he got better Brookes let him go even though it was hard. When Brookes set Jake free the camera looked up at him from low angle shot, it made him seem bigger and more important, like he was finally better then the prison and it was his time to go. Jake wasn’t one to be caged up, he needed to be free. .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d , .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .postImageUrl , .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d , .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d:hover , .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d:visited , .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d:active { border:0!important; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d:active , .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc3a307b37a28470f163f3b09daa2df4d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Screenplay Analysis - The Proposal EssayBrookes set Jake free the camera looked up at him from low angle shot, it made him seem bigger and more important, like he was finally better then the prison and it was his time to go. Another example of freedom is when Andy gets beer for all his friends after making a deal with Hadley which could have risked his life, instead the guard decided to give the inmates twenty minutes to enjoy beer in the sunlight. This scene is shot from a mid shot, showing how everyones body language is relaxed and that they are happy and smiling. However in the background you see the guards watching over them. This shows that even though for the moment they feel free really they aren’t and they have to remember that. This scene showes how giving hope to his friends maintain Andy’s hope for escape. â€Å"We sat and drank with the sun on our shoulders and felt like free men. Hell, we could have been tarring the roof of one of our own houses. We were the lords of all creation. As for Andy he spent that break hunkered in the shade, a strange little smile on his face, watching us drink his beer†, this links into Andy giving his friend the courage to keep going. The mise en scene from when the warden discovers Andy has escaped you see an image of Albert Einstein poking out he tongue represents he won, Andy is poking out his tongue in victory The theme of freedom in The Shawshank Redemption is shown in many ways through out the movie. Even though The Shawshank Redemption is centred around Andy, the deep voice over of Red keeps the audience guessing the whole way, wondering if Andy Dufresne is guilty or not. The Shawshank Redemption tells you that to be free,your mind is the strongest aspect of keeping you sane, which links perfectly with the quote ‘The only real freedom is freedom of the mind’.

Assignment 1 “ How Language Works Essay Example

Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works Essay ASSIGNMENT 1 â€Å" HOW LANGUAGE WORKS To maintain confidentiality, the learner I have selected for this assignment will be referred to as John. John is a 30 year old single male, living at home with both parents. He has a full time job in a distribution centre, employed as a forklift truck driver. He has worked in this field for the last 12 years and in this particular company, for 3 years. John was born in Coventry and has a brother who is two years older. During early years at school, John and his brother, were described by teachers, as disruptive and badly behaved and both were excluded from normal classroom activities, spending much of the school day isolated from classmates and working alone. John remembers this well and said that being excluded from the classroom at his first school damaged his confidence greatly. At that young age, he was unable to explain to the teachers that he could not understand. Whenever he tried, he was accused of being naughty. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When John was 7 years old his parents moved to Bedworth, Warwickshire and John started at a new school. Within weeks, the teachers identified that there was a problem with both brothers and they began assessments, including dyslexia testing. Support was put into place and improvements in behaviour were soon seen. John was diagnosed as dyslexic when he was 11 years old, which coincided with moving up to secondary school. He had made good progress at junior school, with the additional support that had been provided and this continued throughout his secondary education. John was provided with a teaching assistant and additional resources, that were available to him. Rice (2004:11) states that the term dyslexiaâ„ ¢ is problematic; there are many definitions, with varying degrees of overlapâ„ ¢. He argues that it is not particularly helpful for teachers to distinguish between those who are dyslexic and those who are ordinary poor readersâ„ ¢. John remembers his secondary edu cation as being a very positive experience. He did suffer at the hands of bullies and was often called names. Ultimately, this led to some confrontations when he was 15 years old, but the school dealt with the issues and his final year at school was good, resulting in John gaining three GCSEâ„ ¢s at grade D. It is interesting to note that his father was diagnosed as dyslexic in 2002 after years of believing he was just did not do well at school. In everyday life, John explained that he uses avoidance tactics in situations where he needs to read. At work, during team briefings there are often information sheets handed out. John will joke that he canâ„ ¢t be bothered to read it right now, or puts it in his bag to read later. Only his superior is aware of his dyslexia and John has requested that the information remains confidential. He explained that he does not want to become an easy target for some of his colleagues and fears if they know he is dyslexic, he will either be subjected to constant jokes about being stupid or treated with pity. John enjoys fishing a great deal and is very knowledgeable. He spends a much of his free time doing solitary activities and freely admits that he prefers his own company. From the initial assessments that were carried out earlier in the year, John is working entry level 3 at text, sentence and word level. ORAL SKILLS John has a very strong regional midlands accent and typical dialect associated with the area. He has a naturally loud voice and speaks clearly with some nasal sounds. I noticed in our discussion preparation sessions John is able to tailor his speech to the audience. He appears to be less formal in the general class environment speaking in normal everyday language including localised slang, but was able to adapt his speech to suit a more formal discussion environment. There are variations in Johnâ„ ¢s speech and he uses local dialect such as ainâ„ ¢t (am not) inâ„ ¢it (isnâ„ ¢t it) and pronunciations are local such as, wonâ„ ¢t/donâ„ ¢t pronounced as wunt/dunt. However, he refrains from including the localised slang when he is speaking formally. Jean Aitchison said We human beings are odd compared with our nearest animal relatives. Unlike them, we can say what we want, when we want. All normal humans can produce and understand any number of new words and sentences. Humans use multiple options of language often without thinking. But blindly, they sometimes fall into itsâ„ ¢ traps. They are like spiders who exploit their webs, but themselves get caught in the sticky strands (2012, The University of Warwick) John is a pragmatic speaker. The language he uses is appropriate to the audience and his verbal communication is good. He uses body language and expression to accompany his speech. His pitch changes accordingly, throughout the conversation and he uses variable tones of voice. Openings of conversations include the exchange of greetings and John is aware of speech etiquette, an example of which is turn taking. During conversations, John will ask questions and whilst the answer is being given, will make back-channel noises such as uh-huh. He also responds non-verbally by nodding or shaking his head if he does not agree. I noticed that the head shaking comes before a verbal response when he is not in agreement with something. He does not pause often when speaking and could best be described as a transactional speaker, he provides information with clarity, therefore he is also a referential speaker. TEXT LEVEL For the purpose of this assignment, I had asked John to write approximately 200 words including a little about himself and his interests (Appendix 1) I know that John does not have a lot of confidence in writing and that he found this very challenging. It would be unclear as to what purpose the text serves or to the audience it is meant for had I not had prior knowledge of the reasons for the text. It has been presented as a small self-portrait of oneâ„ ¢s hobbies or even life, the informal style and the fact that the text does not fully converge on any specific topic, makes it rather difficult to predict the audience and the purpose. It is also clear in the text that John is not too intent to write, as is seen in the last paragraph; but obviously is proud of his own self at being able to finally write a full descriptive essay about his activities and hobbies. This along with the fact that he is attending college to increase his knowledge and overall understanding of reading and writing, further makes the indication that he is just learning and has obviously improved a lot since. John completed the text in an informal language and style therefore it is appropriate for the purpose and the audience. COHESION AND COHERENCE Although the content of text is by far cohesive, it lacks coherence to a very large extent. Initially the text spoke about fishing and Johnâ„ ¢s hobbies and interests in photography and film. The three main topics are connected but are hardly coherent as they lack any specific aim. The jumpy transitions from the description of fishing as a weekend past time, to watching films, especially the abrupt jump to the talk about pets are rather incoherent and in parts lacks cohesiveness. A number of connectives have been used like so that, I do take, so etc. that adds to the cohesiveness and clarity of the text, although in some places the usage is not really required. Referencing has been hardly used. John uses the word fishing repetitively as also in the instances where he uses the word film twice and the phrase a lot of pets. The lexis and register of the text is clearly identified from words like mate, carp-fishing, we go, sunsetâ„ ¢s and sunrises etc. The over-usage of linking devices and the lack of referencing and the typical use of lexis and register make the text forcefully cohesive while it lacks the essential element of coherence. SENTENCE LEVEL The structure of the sentences is very flawed and has a childish nature. The syntax has no regard to tense (I am watching films, we got a lot) or to grammar and formation (e.g. birds lotâ„ ¢s of birds). The sentences lack punctuation a number of times and in few places are punctuated erroneously. The sentence type is declarative throughout and the usage of compound sentences is not seen much. John uses small simple sentences like I do a lot of fishing. Thatâ„ ¢s carp-fishing. The use of clauses is absent in some places and in others misplaced. The absence can be clearly seen in the large number of simple sentences that could have been clubbed into a compound one using a suitable clause; instances such as the description of fishing, three sentences and pets, a number of jumbled up simple sentences. In places like so that means I load, Friday morning before work, which is etc. the clauses manage to clearly explain the meaning, though the usage seems to be flawed and overly done at times. WORD LEVEL The learner seems to have mastered English morphology of forming words using differences in tense from their root words. The authorâ„ ¢s lexis and vocabulary seems to lack in the essential smaller details of English language such as the usage of determiners, conjunctions and prepositions. At placed like fishing and shooting, trapping, etc. small words like, and have been misplaced. John appears to belong from an educated background yet one from where the use of correct grammar or vocabulary both in spoken and written language is not much stressed. From the last paragraph it is also evident that John does not write or read a lot. Obviously, this is because of his dyslexia. There is also some confusion with homophones and in tis particular text, he confuses to. His spoken pronunciation affects the spelling in places where the words have been spelled as they have been spoken; enjoy has been misspelled as injoy, straight as straet, chicken as chicking and course as cores. Although, John has mastered some aspects of English, his inflectional morphology clearly suffers where all the plurals have been written as with an apostrophe. Small improvements in these areas of morphology and uses of conjunction etc. as well as spellings will help John to use more complex statements, increase text quality and remove some useless features of his text. PROGRESSION John has been attending literacy and numeracy classes at college for four years. He passed Adult Literacy level 1 in 2010 and was working towards level 2 but unfortunately was unable to take the exam before the qualification changed. John came to the group expecting to take Functional Skills level 2 but now realises that the qualification is very different to the previous adult literacy certificate and has now accepted that level 1 is a more realistic goal for this academic year. Each individual dyslexic learner is different and will display a different set of strengths and weaknesses, and we therefore cannot provide a complete definition for dyslexia that will reflect the difficulties of every learner (Rice, 2004). Because of his dyslexia, John has always felt that he is being held back and he is extremely focused on learning to read and write more effectively. One of the primary difficulties in dyslexia, is that of phonological processing. One theory suggests that dyslexic learners experience difficulties with phonological representations in their working memory and research supports that this is the case (Mortimore, 2003). Mortimore (2003) also reports that dyslexic learners do not seem to use phonological mnemonics ¦as readily as othersâ„ ¢, that they have difficulty maintaining phonological information using rehearsal or repetitionâ„ ¢ and that they do not spontaneously attach verbal labels to picturesâ„ ¢. I feel it is important for John to revisit phonics and have introduced a resource to him that includes pictures. Initially he was apprehensive about using it but having had chance to evaluate, he realises it is a useful tool and is happy to continue using it. John needs to be able to identify the phonological sounds in order to develop his understanding of decoding words. The learning programme should be well structured and include explicit teaching of phonology and phonics as well as exposure to a range of texts. The focus for Johnâ„ ¢s progress should not just be on his literacy needs, but consideration must be made of his emotional and cognitive needs, life skills and coping strategies. There are obvious issues with tenses and punctuation and these will form part of group session work with additional hard copy resources. Chappel and Walker (2001) found that three strands of provision were necessary to help adults with dyslexia: a structured language programmeâ„ ¢, life skillsâ„ ¢ and coping strategiesâ„ ¢. There is also the opportunity to work on inflections and homophones to add clarity to the learning. I will be introducing some repetitive writing patterns for John to work through over the coming weeks and the aim is for him to work on constructing more complex sentences, concentrating particularly on cohesion and coherence. I also think that focus should be out on text, the structure and chronological texts, use of paragraphs and how meaning is built. Now that John is more comfortable in the group, reading will be in the form of both paired and group work. John works particularly well with a specific member of the class he attends and I aim to pair them together. Teachers should work with learners to investigate which teaching approaches work best. To this end, they must ensure that students learn to name their experiences and develop their voices. This is particularly important for dyslexic students, who have long complained that their descriptions if learning are ignored, as if irrelevant to the teaching process. If teachers will only listen, students will explain the nature of their dyslexia and then methods can be generated accordingly. (Nora Hughes, 2010) Appendices Appendix 1 â€Å" Learner text REFERENCES: Mortimore, T, 2003. Dyslexia and learning style: a practionerâ„ ¢s handbook, 2nd ed. London: Whurrs Publishers pp.110/264 Rice, M, 2004. Developmental dyslexia in adults: a research review. London: NRDC pp. 113 Nora Hughes Irene Schwab (2010). Teaching Adult Literacy. London: The Open University. Pp. 324 325. The University of Warwick (2012). Spoken discourse. In: Day 3, November 7th 2012, Warwick University. pp. 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Geert E. Booij., The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology, 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. Jones A., 1998, Why Are Logical Connectives Sometimes Detrimental to Coherence, Chapter 12. Halliday, M.A.K; and Ruqayia Hasan., 1976: Cohesion in English. London: Longman. (function() { var scribd = document.createElement("script"); scribd.type = "text/javascript"; scribd.async = true; scribd.src = "https://www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s); })() Thornbury S., Methodology: Coherence and cohesion, Available at: http://www.onestopenglish.com/support/ask-the-experts/methodology-questions/methodology-coherence-and-cohesion/154867.article

price and place Essays

price and place Essays price and place Essay price and place Essay Lecture 5: PRICE AND PLACE Price: Define the pricing concept and explain different pricing methods ( cost oriented, competitor oriented and market oriented pricing) -Explain pricing strategies for new products( market penetration and market skimming) AND existing products. ( Understand condition and when we can use it) -Consider ethical issue in pricing ( dont think it will be on the exam) PLACE: Define place(distripution) concept and explain the role of intermediaries in distribution channel Describe types of distribution channels Explain factors to consider in formulating channel strategy Consider ethical issues in distribution Past exam questions: 1 . Define two pricing strategies for new products: MARKET SKIMMING AND MARKET PENETRATION. List the conditions which are suitable for each of these strategies according y. Provide examples for each strategy. 2. Critically assess the benefits of two pricing strategies for new products: market skimming dn market penetration. Discuss which pricing method you would use and why in lunching the new phone and the game console PS4 PRICE: What will happen if we charge too much for a product o too little? If you charge too little, then you have to understand that demand fo a product or service could be igh, we will be losing a profit for the organization, and if you charge too much for a poduct we have to think about competitors, who can charge less than us. 1. Pricing Concept: Out of marketing mix(4Ps) Pice is the revenue earner. The other thee elements of the marketing mix product, promotion and place are costs. 2. THE DEMAND CURVE: In the demand curve we r talking about the product and the price relathionship. For example is you charge E50 FOR A particular t-shirt or Jeans , then the quantity in the market could be lets say 2000 units. If they decries the price from E50 to E30 then you xcept the demand fo the product to increase from Quantityl to quantity 2. And from 2000 units demand can be now 3000 units. By reducing the price from E50 to E30 we increased demand for pear of Jeans to go from 2000 to 3000 units. The products that we are buying at the supermarket when a huge sells promotion and then demand increased is and this is called PRODUCT AND PRICE ELASTILITYCY or we say that the price is elastic in this case. By increasing the price, we are not able to increase demand of the product. If you think about market with luxury objects like watch, increase in price not necessary impact increase in demand of this product. Even sometimes aecrles In prlce can sena negative signal to tne market. Example: the guitar producer; very high quality producer. When they decided to demand their prices of 30% send negative signal to the customers and the company suffered. There are also product which are price elastic. There are also other factors which demands: like promotion, if you talk about different region of the country, income levels per country, tradition, 3. PRICING METHODS: (strategies) -Cost Oriented Pricing: The simple pricing method takes into account all cost of producer product then we ad additional mark up. Two types are: Full Cost Pricing: pricing takes into account full cost of making product which can be fixed and variable and adds mark up. This can include fixed cost and also variable cost. Direct Cost Pricing: Calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as output increases ( variable costs) -fixed costs: these costs dont change as output increases , for ex: office and manufacturing facilities. Variable costs: the cost that increases as output increases, for ex: raw materials, electricity. Lets assume that full cost of producing one pair of Jeans E50 (its included fixed cost as well variable cost), hen of to of them we want additional 20% so we happy to sell it fo E60 ( Elo OF Profit on each Jeans). Direct cost involved : we can only take in to account only variable cost; we ignore fixed cost. FULL COST PRICING: A DVANTAGES: By using full cost pricing we include all cost incurred , were would it be the fixed cost or variable cost. So it is gives an indication of the minimum price, needed to make a profit. If you dont charge the minimum price to make a profit then company will be making a lose It X has the constraint, we use other methods. AND this will be competetitive pricing as well marketing orientation price. If you dont consider all cost in the long term company will be making lose o could go bankrupt because if you dont cover all the cost in term it is difficult to make a profit and if you are not making a profit, you wont be able to cover the cost in the long term. CRITICISMS: Because its looks in a personal orientation rather than in external marketing orientation by charging a price, we are ignoring the customer willingness to pay. Lets assume that I develop a new product for example a laptop, and using a new software. Each laptop costs me E2000 to produce. How much profit I want to make Lets say 25%. Lets charge E500 more so my laptop is E2500. As a manufacturer I decide that I sell the laptop for E2500. It will be success? Everything depends on demand. Either the customers may be able to purchase the product and if they are willing to buy my product or not? E2500 may be too expensive and the customers will for another cheaper option. The second is followed strictly, leads to incise in price when demand falls. So when I produced my laptop it was E2000 this include fixed and variable cost; And every time demand falls for the laptop because is to expensive; And I need to still cover my fixed cost. facilities I use in the factory o fixed salary to my employees. So every time demand falls, for example I expected to sell 10. 000 units of my laptop, but I sold Just only 5000. So I still need to cover the fixed cost (for the factory, fixed salary and so on). So what happened is: the price for a product will increase because you want to cover more rather than chargingE 2. 500, now I need to cnarge Decause I nave more costs to cover so I need to cnarge E4000. When you think about it ,it doesnt make logical sense; from the market point of view because my product sold already because there is no much demand and nstead of reducing the price or changing some feature of the product you are increasing the price of the product to cover all my costs and the result will be that my company would go bankrupt. Is illogical because a Sales estimate is made before a price is set. Maybe problems in allocating overheads. The fixed cost for the organization is E50. OOO; I expect to produce 50 units and I expect to sell 50 units. So all those E50. OOO fixed cost each product will allocate EIOOO. It is difficult point of view because reality point of view we have competitors and the market acceptability of the product. And the last problem is: when I produce or example various product with in one organization it will be very difficult to allocate all head cost like electricity, rent and labour. Without to be technical what its means is when you have overhead cost such like rent, gas I will have to allocate those cost into each product. The where you allocate those costs actually will define how much the product will cost. And is very complex process, if you get it wrong some product may not be sale very well in the market , some good product actually could be pull out of the market because of the wrong allocation of the overall. DIRECT COST PRICING: Advantages: We ignore fixed cost we Just consider the variable cost; and direct cost relevant in producing one additional product in the manufacture facility. Why would I do it What are the advantages of ignoring the fixed cost Direct cost pricing avoid the problems of allocating the overhead; Indicates price up demand the problem because rather than allocating the fixed cost every time to a product we are putting in the side, we are only consider cost directly reverent to each unit of the product. Lowest price which allows the marketing people to identify the lowest price which makes sense to charge for the product. For example: If you think about Hotel or airline industry; there are some fixed cost there are also some variable cost. Airline ; ex: there are 200 seats every day on particular fly from London to Madrid. If there are 200 seats by rather we fly with 1 person or 200 people, the price, the fixed cost incurred will remain the same, but variable cost changes. For each ticket to fly we are charging E200, out of those E200, EIOO is a fixed cost (such as salary of the pilot, fuel, the charges we pay to the airport) and there are EIOO variable cost which is directly related to each passenger (the meals provided, drinks and so on). If you are the manager for this airline on the particular date only 10 people fly there will be very difficult to cover all cost. So you have dilemma and you know you cant charge E200 for a ticket, but what you can do , you can charge El 50 or E120. What does it allow us to do When we charge El 50 thats definitely covering the fixed cost, we cant do anything about it. But on top of that is also allowing us to earn what we call PROFIT MARGEN of E50. So when we sell the ticket for El 50, EIOO covers the all additional costs and variable costs and on the top of that we have E50 extra; this E50 wont cover nls Tull Tlxea cost, nowever Its covers some 0T tne Tlxea costs wnlcn Is DeneTlclal to the company. If we wont sell the tickets for a El 50 still for any lost seats on the airplane we are losing fixed EIOO (the fixed cost) So if you sell any ticket abo the EIOO it is benefitial. Criticisms: When business is buoyant, we have more demand for a product an it doesnt give any correct indication of optimum price customer is willing to pay because in this case we are charging low and actually price of the product; Using airline as a example, when we are charging direct cost pricing it can work only in the short term because if you se the strategy in the long term it means in the long term you are not covering your fixed cost and company in the future will be making significant loses SUmarazing the DIRECT COST PRICING it is a good strategy, but Just for a short time. PRICING METHODS: 1. COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICING : Our pricing depends on what the competitors charge. Going- rate pricing: when we thing that our product or service is not different in a particular market and doesnt have any differentiation and doesnt have any competitive advantages the company will accept going rate. For example raw materials like otton; if you buying particular product it can be the same , however competitors can provide additional services, for example: better customer service , it could provide better credit terms. Ex: REAL TED TO THE Steel stake holder Trummans, who sales steel. They have the same steel product sales to the customers ; one of the strategies Trummans uses to sales the steel to the large organizations, it develop strategy of delivering on the time and there was the price guaranty saying that if they dont deliver on the time they will give 10% of money back. This strategy was so successful for organizations. Producer they were willing to pay 5% more. Competitive bidding: This happens more often in business-to-business market (82B), when organization are selling products or services to another organization. One of the difficulties in competitive bidding; example NHS or school authorities decided to build 10th additional school and they want the other instruction companies in the I-JK to bid the contract. One of the challenges in competitive bidding is charge blind. You do your research, and then you charge. Usually the supplier will choose the lowest (most competitive) price. If you were working for a particular community who should decide ho should the build the school. What are the other factors you would consider? Factors apart from price we consider, how reliable is the construction company; what are the time frame, did they build schools before, do they have the skills, is there guaranty, and many other factors. 2. Marketing orientated pricing: its listens to the market and his strategy is obviously reflected in there. There are some key factors: a) Marketing strategy: when you thinking about pricing the product o service, each should be in line with the marketing strategy. For example when we launch a new product there are TWO STRATEGIES available to us: MARKET SKIMMING or PRICE PENETRATION and both of those methods could be use when we launch a new product. You cant use both in one time; you can use one or tne otner. Ana tnen It wlll nave tne marketing consequence. What is our positing strategy: when we are launching a new product our choice of target market and creating differentiation advantage, the value is delivered to the customes. For example: when first calculators were developed they had 3 key segments: they had engineers and scientists who pay high values to the calculator and accountants and bankers and general public. o for the first segment they charged E250 per calculator, when for general public when Casio entered the market was Elo or less. So managers should decided which target market they should concentrate on, and understand the values. When we think about Mercedes Case study, we look on over their sells to higher customers then and now they are increasing their segment, they are bringing modify versions of the cars which are bit cheaper to the high car segment. Merceds by producing different models, modify the versions of the models they are able to charge different prices and then attract the arger segments B)Price quality relationship: there is a relationship between price and the quality received by customer. Many people use the price as a indicator of the quality of the product or service. The study has shown that higher price of the cars presets higher quality. Ex: pills for the pain. They were two types of pills, one E2. 50 ,other EO. 50, but they were the same pills. But after research on customers , the consumers said that pills for E2. 50 were working better. Another example is trying the wine, test with 2 bottle of wine. c) Product Line pricing: you looking in existing roduct and you expending product range so you can charge different price ranges. For example, when you think about Apple, when they launched iPod shuffle for E50, when the iPod cost E250. By bringing the simple version of the iPod, you are attractive new segment, because there is a massive different between to pay E50 and E250. and this increase the revenue for the organization And profit. However, you need to be very careful by charging to little for the product to an attractive a new segment, and it can send it confusing message to the other segment. d) Negotiating margins: is where we expecting the price reduction. When we pay the price different from the list price. It can depend on getting large order, paying cash in developing countries which is an advantage. if the negotiating price is a part of the culture, of tradition; and those companies who are launching their product in this particular country should be it should take it this in to the count with their pricing strategy. d) Political factors: If you charge high prices and the public cry European commission can intervene, like for medicine products and childrens games. For example in the I-JK regulation off come had to reduce the prices like orange. If there is situation of monopoly and the only one organization provides the service or oligopoly,when we have few large players in the market , market should be tightly controlled by organizations which consider competition and protects their customers. For example if you think about recent out cry of increase prices of electricity and gas by 10%, so you have 6 large players in the I-JK market which dominate 95% of the market. So if they decide to increase the price by 10% those 6 organizations work together and is very difficult for the customers to go somewhere else because you dont have an option. Politician can entered and hold them for the price changes. e) Costs: what every we do in the market, in the future the price we charge should cover all cost consider, whatever it could be variable cost or fixed cost as such. f) Effect on OlstrlDutors/ retallers: wnen we use tne OlstrlDutors, Tor example IT you nave aalry product manufacturer and you sale your products through the supermarkets. In this case when you change the price, you need also consider rules of the retailers. For example, the Mullher yogurts, if you want to use penetration pricing distributors can refuse your product, it is not much profit to be made. ) Competition: in the market, you cannot operate in isolation. There are always other companies offering similar product or service. Your price is in one way or to other, and is related to your competitors. We need to understand who the competitors are. First, you have imitative competitors the competitors who are producing technically similar product. You can have secondary competitors : different product selling in the same way. h) Explicability: means that sells people to explain why they are charging particular price, specifically the higher price for product and service. They should be able to justify the price. Think about the Michelin tires, there are one of the biggest manufacturers in the world. As far as car manufacture is considered and being the largest in the market they also charge the premium price for the particular tires. If you are the car manufacturer you want to understand why are you paying the premium price. If they are able to explain why the price is high due specific technology to develop those particular tires, higher quality, the longer life of the product then obviously the manufacturer may be more willing to purchase the product and pay higher price than the competitors. i) Value to customer: it is very mportant to us to estimate what is the product value to the customer; because we can use various methods to assess their value to the customers as far as manufacture product is concerned. We can use different test to see how much customer is ready to pay for the product: 1. rade of analysis :it measure between the price and other product features which may impact the product preference; For example, by using the trade of analysis could it provide it different product features with different price range and could be asked what product they prefer. You can even do the test for a launching the ice cream. By applying trade of analysis you find what should be the optimal price and what qualities should be included in the product which are valued by customers. 2. Experimentation : when we have the particular product , lets say if you think about supermarkets they have hundreds of stores in the I-JK. When the launch a new product in a different location they can launch the same product with different prices i different location, to asses the customers reaction where they are happy to buy a product. They can decide for other stores what should be the price. When they do the experimentation , they can use ontrolled store experiment, they selct some stores and compeer ; for example if you have 300 stores you pick 50 of them and you launch the product and in other 250 you launch the product; then you compare the impact of the price change of those 50 to other 250 stores. . test marketing: works in the way if you have again 300 stores, rather than launching the product you can decided to pick up several stores to launch the product with the particular launching strategy and to see how it is performing as far as the pricing is concern you can make good decision of what should be the pricing, the strategy for the overall product of stores. 4. economic value analysis to the customers: ve ry important to 82B business. They consider the economic value of the product. Ex: Michelin tires . car manufactures purchasing tnelrs product, tney want to unaerstana wnat Is tne economic value 0T partlcular tire And what the duration of this product. for example you pay more, but last double time than the competitors product. PRICING NEW PRODUCT STRATEGIES MARKET SKIMMING: Marketing Skimming Pricing- is when we charge a high price to attract the least price sensitive market segments. We try to attract the market segments, which are not price sensitive. Many companies which invent a new product initially set high prices to skim the revenues layer by layer from the market because when they launch a new product there are not other product available in the market. Good example will be when digital cameras were first introduced they were selling for over E 1000 for the public and for around E 5000 for semi professional. In 2003 when Canon introduced similar cameras but they were priced less than EIOOO they sold 1. billion units in a year because was huge demand. Another good example will be when Sony launched first HD TV in 1990s the price was E30. OOO per TV, and now around E500. There are 7 key factors which should be applicable when we use the skimming market: what we need to take toa count for a particular organization it doesnt need to be all 7 conditions, it could be some of the conditions met. 1. Product provides high value: If the product provides high value you can charge the premium price. But what you need to take to a count is high value could be due functional compatibility of the product; for example, better design, better material, better technology, but also could be some sociological value when you buy a perfume roduct like Chanel, is more a sociological value than the functional value. 2. Customers have high ability to pay: If the customers are not able to buy the product it is very difficult to sell it. For example when you launch the product in the development countries your product could be offer a very high quality , you may have very high demand for a product. However, you cant launch the product using skimming strategy if the income of those people does not allow to buy your product 3. Consumer and bill payer are different: For example hotels. Hotels can charge premium price during the weekdays where mostly business people stay in the hotel. However, on the weekends they can charge much lower prices for the families. During the business needs , the company is more than happy to pay a premium price and the people dont pay for the room, the company that they work for them. The same with the trains, in the morning they charge more, because they now that professional are going to work. 4. Lack of competition: in extreme case you will have the monopoly and there is one large organization in the particular market and where is no competitor you can charge a premium price, because customers they dont have any option, for example the gas/oil company. 5. Excess demand: limited amount of supply and the price for the product goes up. 6. High pressure to buy: in case of emergency customers are happy to pay more for the product o service. For example, the airplanes companies, they pay more for the urgent repairs.. Because where is the problem at the airport territorial and they need and urgent repair. The cost of the urgent situation they will pay the premium price. 7. Switching costs: it could be very expensive Tor me to cnange my product needs Trom one suppller to anotner. IT you think about an organization, lets say if you are particular retail bank and you already nvested millions of pounds in your IT system and you are using lets say windows operating system and on the top of that you are investing rather on other program. Lets say windows 8 and related problems and as a organization you are not happy with your windows operating system; at the same time changing the windows operating system you need to consider the switching cost, money already invested. Changing the operating system can be very expensive( training the stuff and so on). Switching the mobile phones for example from iphone to Samsung, and you have at home your music system that works with the iphone, but doesnt work with the Samsung mobile. So this may be expensive, because you may have to buy a new music system suitable for a Samsung. PRICING NEW PRODUCTS STRATEGIES MARKET PENETRATION PRICING: MARKET PENETRATION PRICING we use aggressively low price to gain volume and market share. Companies can set a initial low price to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers in the market and have large market share. Once the market share is won, organisation may decide to increase the price which happens in most of the times. There are 6 conditions 1. Only feasible alternative: For example if you have a product, which is not so ifferent to competitors product in the market and you want to launch this product you have to go to competitive launch pricing. You try to charge similar price as your competitors or you charge less price to attract more customers. 2. Market penetration or domination: some companies use market penetration or domination strategy to gain the market share. For example, insurance company the Direct Line was launch , aggressively challenge all insurance companies because they offer direct services . And now they are the market leader for home and auto- insurance. 3. Experience curve effect/ low costs: example for higher product which uses market penetration and domination strategy by charging market penetration prices. High quality product you charge lower price , penetration pricing once you have the market share then you increase the price. Good example will be the Mercedes company in the US market in 1967. When they entered the market in the US the Mercedes wasnt known for the quality. They charged much lower price in 1967 to attract more customers, to let customers know. hat good quality cars they were producing. By 1982 the Mercedes doubled the price. if you increase output of the roduct, the cost reduces. If the production double then the cost of producing the product reduces by 20%. The larger corporations which they have high production facilities they can significantly reduce their prices so they have better market competitive advantage to bit the competitors. For examp le, Intel due to the large market share (80%) when they were challenged by smaller company AMD, due to the cost advantages of Intel they could reduce the price up to 60%. Within 6 weeks they defeated the competitor. Because the Itel was already making the huge profit, they could manipulate the prices to bit the competitors. . Make money later or elsewhere: Make money later- when you make a product you are happy to not making any profit Tor tne product you sell, out tnen agaln you wlll make money later on selling additional product. For example the printers. You buy the printer for E30 and then you run of the ink, so you need to buy a new ink for your printer. So if you buy a new one you must buy ink for a particular printer. And then you have to pay some like E40/50, Those companies make more money on selling the inks for the printers than on actually printers. The other example will be the Gillette company with theirs razors. They make more money on razors than on blades. They make 5% on the razors, and 95% is coming from the blades. Make money elsewhere for those who drive the cars so you need a petrol, sometimes supermarket who sells the petrol doesnt make money, but they work as a trigger to attractive people to make the shopping. . Barrier to entry: If you have already low price, it can be difficult for competitors to enter , example : easy Jet and Rainair. They have already large market share they allow to manipulate the market, as at the same time it will be very difficult for a new companies to enter to bit them with the prices. . Predation: is when you artificially reduce price to put you other competitors out of the business. Once you get rid of you competitors then you increase the price for your product. Microsoft was accused for predation, when they banded 3 software such as internet browser and Media Player with his best selling windows operating system. NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH STRATEGY: High Rapid skimming Slow skimming Rapid penetration Slow penetration PROMOTION Low PRICE Rap10 SKImmlng ana Slow sKlmmlng: we cnarge tne premium prlce, promotlon could be high as well or promotion could be low, when we call a slow skimming. RAPID SKIMMING- when we charge a lot of money for the product and spend a lot of on promotion. For example Nike or Adidas: they spend significant amount money on promotion. However, there are some companies whose not spending money on promotion. For example, the Rolls-Royce company , they are expensive, but they dont spend money on promotion because this is very well know brand. The same the Swiss watches. PENETRATION PRICING : THE price is low but we can spend huge amount of money on promotion or lower amount of money on promotion. RAPID PENETRATION: in this case we spend a lot of money on promotion but the price is low. When you think about easy Jet and Rayanair when they spend significant amount of money to promote the cheapest fly. SLOW PENETRATION STRATEGY: when we say the price is low but we dont spend any money on promotion. Especially if we have on label brand , any supermarket ; asda fines wines, etc. PRICING EXISTING PRODUCTS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES BUILD OBJECTIVE: and e want to increase the market then it would depend whatever on price sensitive market so price lower than competitors. If the price is insensitive then pricing, strategy depends on positioning strategy; for example, sometimes increasing the price could be a etter strategy, depending where you are in the market. Example Luis Vuitton when during Christmas they were struggling with the supplier with their particular bags they did increase the price by 20%. This increase made that people were even more interested to buy the bags. In this situation added value to the brand . HOLD OBJECTIVES: (HOLD SALES/ MARKET SHARE): we are protecting our market share. we dont want to increase our market share but in the same time we dont want to reduce it. Everything depends on how on competitors are doing. Supermarkets: the biggest 6 have their shares and they dont want any other to enter. If Tesco starts the war of reducing the prices then Asda would follow AND THE same strategy would by follow buy other. So they are fghting with each other to make sure they wont lose their position in the market share. HARVEST OBJECTIVE ( MAINTAIN OR RAISING PROFIT MARGINS EVEN THOUGH SALES/ MARKET SHARE FALLING) : when we serve one segment and we want to move to other segment. Reposition the existing product. Ex: Skoda cars, they had to reposition their product, because few years ago their cars were cheap, bad quality. Once Skoda repositioned their segment they became one of the top sellers in the western Europe. PLACE ( DISTRIBUTION)

Construction contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Business plan - operations - Essay Example In case services it need the permission for offering services and a tax structure that taxes the services and income separately. The next stage is to get permission for recruiting qualified personnel to offer services on phone and physically. 1 The firm is a sole proprietorship company. The proprietor will be at the helm of the affairs. Under him the managers of the services, marketing, customer care and technical departments will be present. Under them service representatives, marketing executives, call service operators, and technical personnel who take care of the machinery and instruments of the company are needed. Even a small business in the likeness of the one discussed in this paper needs independent professional accountant. He can help the firm in relations with Bank. The professional accountant post is not included in the organizational structure mentioned above so that the company can have a person on contract. As the firm is dealing with services it needs the legal advice in time. As the firm considered is doing small business the legal advisor also can be contacted on a monthly payment basis to seek advice. 2 In the small business of PC and Internet service offering the company needs qualified personnel and the kits that need in using while servicing a Computer or a peripheral like Printer etc. These tool kits and machinery that offer chip level servicing will be costly. The company can buy the machinery needed for chip level servicing after gaining enough business regarding card level servicing. So initially the company needs no costly machinery and can least bothered about insurance issues. Regarding cost of the machinery the company needs to purchase from the firm that quotes the least and offer the best. The Business premises for the small business that offer PC and Peripheral services needs a minimum of 6 rooms. One is for the Cabin of the proprietor. The other four for the departments mentioned in the previous chapters. The

Example Essay On Developing Communication Skills In Nursing Essay

Example Essay On Developing Communication Skills In Nursing Essay Nurses largely affect society in the health care system by helping, supporting and caring for an individual, a whole family or even an entire community. While in the medical surroundings, the nurse becomes the primary contact for the patient in care and spends a lot of time with them. Before approaching a nursing care situation a nurse needs to clear all judgments and respect every individual, as there are many different religions, morals and personal beliefs in the world today. Therefore nurses need to develop the ability of quality communication skills which helps to create great interpersonal relationship skills in nursing. Communication and interviewing are both skills needed to develop interpersonal relationships within the nursing environment. Communication skills are the first skills noticed in a person. Effective communication skills are crucial for nurses. When first greeting a patient or person the individual level of communication is most evident. Communication has two main elements, verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication is the use of languages, words, sounds and letters and non-verbal communication is that which is only seen, such as body language, gestures and other signs of the human body (Eunson 2008: 260). While in a hospital-like environment, all aspects of communication skills are needed because of the variety of people you need to communicate with. The use of rich vocabulary is important in educating and informing patients although the nurse needs to make sure the patient understands the information given (Dallas Sully 2005: 50). Listening is also a very important communication skill needed in nursing. Nurses need to have the ability to actively listen to doctors and patients needs to give quality care. Through listening, nurses put aside their own perceptions and demonstrate acceptance and respect for those they are listening to (Dallas Sully 2005: 50). An effective way to demonstrate active listening is to be aware of the body language used. By not using eye contact, fidgeting and doing other tasks which distract the nurse while with the patient may decrease effective communication. Another important communication skill is the ability to accurately record written information. This is a very important skill as without clear concise notes recording the patients vital signs, the quality and consistency of care may be at risk. These notes are a form of communication given to the doctor to assist in determining the patients diagnosis and continuing care. Without effective communication, the interviewing process may be dramatically affected. The foundation of an interpersonal relationship is in the interviewing and assessment process. Interviewing is the first very important process in a nursing care plan. This process is when the nurse interviews the patient to determine details of their current health, history and personal needs and ways in which the nurse can meet the patients needs (Crisp Taylor 2009: 262). Before conducting an interview, multiple things must be considered such as the people present, the environment and how much time is available to the nurse. Interviewing can be very invasive for a patient; this is why we need to consider their privacy in the hospital and around family. The environment surrounding the patient can also limit the information you will get from the patient in the interviewing process and inhibit a comfortable and trusting nurse-client relationship (Dallas Sully 2005: 80). Interviewing skills involve the use of other communication skills including questioning skills, explanation skills and also the ability to communicate with relatives of the patient (Dallas Sully 2005: 75). There are multiple ways in which a question can be asked. A nurse must have the ability to determine how questions should be asked depending on the topic, circumstance and environment. If a question that is asked needs an elaborate answer an open question may be used, this allows the patient to answer with full detail which can lead to other answers required for the nursing assessment (Crisp Taylor 2009: 263). Closed questions are used in a variety of situations; they allow an answer to be given specifically and limit explanation (Crisp Taylor 2009: 263). After asking a question it is sometimes necessary to clarify with the patient the answer they have given, this is the use of explanation and paraphrasing skills (Dallas Sully 2005: 49,79). Explanation and paraphrasing skills are also important to give information to the doctor, patient and relatives. The interviewing process enables the beginning of a nurse-client interpersonal relationship. Therapeutic relationships with patients are essential in nursing. Communication skills and the interaction level which is given to the patient ultimately influences the comfort and trust levels which the patient will feel, this then has effect on the interpersonal relationship (Chitty 2005: 491). Interpersonal relationships in nursing have three phases; establishing the relationship, building the relationship and the ending of the relationship (Stein-Parbury 2009: 42-48). Establishing the relationship is the initial interaction between the nurse and client, and is when trust and comfort are introduced (Stein-Parbury 2009: 42-45). Building the relationship is when the nurse and patient have an understanding of each other and the expectations of care (control and power) (Stein-Parbury 2009: 46,47). Ending the relationship happens for a number of reasons for example the patient recovers, the nurse moves placement area or the death of the patient. This stage can be emotional for both the nurse and patient. The use of effective communication must be used throughout the interpersonal relationship to establish appropriate knowledge that a nurse has. Interpersonal relationships are important in the nursing environment as it enables the most possible quality care to the patient. A nurse-patient relationship enables the patient to be comfortable and allow maximum recovery while in care. A good interpersonal relationship with a patient can also develop into relationships between the nurse and the patients family. This helps in assisting the family with information needed and assists to comfort the patients family that their family member is being cared for at the highest standard, as expected. The relationship also establishes a good nursing rapport which gives the nurse confidence and also helps with future interpersonal relationships. A reflection piece on nursing skills exercised is an excellent way to help develop and maintain great quality skills that help the nurses care to patients. This reflection piece is on my interviewing process with a role played 49 year old woman with a two pack-a-day smoking habit for 35 years who has bronchitis. As this was the first time I had used the communication, interviewing and assessment skills that I had learnt I felt a little nervous and not confident to begin with. Many things were good with my overall interviewing process for example my verbal and non-verbal communication skills. I felt I was very conscious of my body language ensuring I was actively listening at all times. I also used the reviewing and paraphrasing skills to confirm I understood correctly what the patient was informing me of. This then also reassured the patient I was listening. I feel that it took a while for me to feel comfortable and confident in my communication skills therefore the patient didnt seem comfortable with me until half way through the interview. If I couldve been more confident in the beginning the patient may have felt more comfortable and trusting of me, this wouldve also helped our further interpersonal relationship. Another skill which needs more work is my questioning skills, being conscious of what questions need to be open or closed. With more practice I think I will feel more comfortable and confident in myself, which will then help to bring out my communication skills to full potential. This will help me in the future with interviewing process and help me develop into a high quality nurse. Nursing has many crucial elements which are necessary to ensure a good quality of care. The nursing process is developed to encourage individualised care; this then achieves meeting all patient needs in and out of the hospital setting. Effective communication skills include the use of verbal and non verbal language, vocabulary, listening and written record taking skills. The nursing interview and assessment process is a part of the nursing care plan which is a crucial process to enable a nurse to assess a patient to full potential. These both help to develop a therapeutic interpersonal relationship which is increasingly important for both the patient and their family. The relationship allows a patient to trust and feel comfortable with the people surrounding them while being cared for. These important nursing skills enable the highest quality of care for all patients in the nursing environment. Words: 1424