Assignment 1 “ How Language Works Essay Example

Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works Essay ASSIGNMENT 1 â€Å" HOW LANGUAGE WORKS To maintain confidentiality, the learner I have selected for this assignment will be referred to as John. John is a 30 year old single male, living at home with both parents. He has a full time job in a distribution centre, employed as a forklift truck driver. He has worked in this field for the last 12 years and in this particular company, for 3 years. John was born in Coventry and has a brother who is two years older. During early years at school, John and his brother, were described by teachers, as disruptive and badly behaved and both were excluded from normal classroom activities, spending much of the school day isolated from classmates and working alone. John remembers this well and said that being excluded from the classroom at his first school damaged his confidence greatly. At that young age, he was unable to explain to the teachers that he could not understand. Whenever he tried, he was accused of being naughty. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 â€Å" How Language Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When John was 7 years old his parents moved to Bedworth, Warwickshire and John started at a new school. Within weeks, the teachers identified that there was a problem with both brothers and they began assessments, including dyslexia testing. Support was put into place and improvements in behaviour were soon seen. John was diagnosed as dyslexic when he was 11 years old, which coincided with moving up to secondary school. He had made good progress at junior school, with the additional support that had been provided and this continued throughout his secondary education. John was provided with a teaching assistant and additional resources, that were available to him. Rice (2004:11) states that the term dyslexiaâ„ ¢ is problematic; there are many definitions, with varying degrees of overlapâ„ ¢. He argues that it is not particularly helpful for teachers to distinguish between those who are dyslexic and those who are ordinary poor readersâ„ ¢. John remembers his secondary edu cation as being a very positive experience. He did suffer at the hands of bullies and was often called names. Ultimately, this led to some confrontations when he was 15 years old, but the school dealt with the issues and his final year at school was good, resulting in John gaining three GCSEâ„ ¢s at grade D. It is interesting to note that his father was diagnosed as dyslexic in 2002 after years of believing he was just did not do well at school. In everyday life, John explained that he uses avoidance tactics in situations where he needs to read. At work, during team briefings there are often information sheets handed out. John will joke that he canâ„ ¢t be bothered to read it right now, or puts it in his bag to read later. Only his superior is aware of his dyslexia and John has requested that the information remains confidential. He explained that he does not want to become an easy target for some of his colleagues and fears if they know he is dyslexic, he will either be subjected to constant jokes about being stupid or treated with pity. John enjoys fishing a great deal and is very knowledgeable. He spends a much of his free time doing solitary activities and freely admits that he prefers his own company. From the initial assessments that were carried out earlier in the year, John is working entry level 3 at text, sentence and word level. ORAL SKILLS John has a very strong regional midlands accent and typical dialect associated with the area. He has a naturally loud voice and speaks clearly with some nasal sounds. I noticed in our discussion preparation sessions John is able to tailor his speech to the audience. He appears to be less formal in the general class environment speaking in normal everyday language including localised slang, but was able to adapt his speech to suit a more formal discussion environment. There are variations in Johnâ„ ¢s speech and he uses local dialect such as ainâ„ ¢t (am not) inâ„ ¢it (isnâ„ ¢t it) and pronunciations are local such as, wonâ„ ¢t/donâ„ ¢t pronounced as wunt/dunt. However, he refrains from including the localised slang when he is speaking formally. Jean Aitchison said We human beings are odd compared with our nearest animal relatives. Unlike them, we can say what we want, when we want. All normal humans can produce and understand any number of new words and sentences. Humans use multiple options of language often without thinking. But blindly, they sometimes fall into itsâ„ ¢ traps. They are like spiders who exploit their webs, but themselves get caught in the sticky strands (2012, The University of Warwick) John is a pragmatic speaker. The language he uses is appropriate to the audience and his verbal communication is good. He uses body language and expression to accompany his speech. His pitch changes accordingly, throughout the conversation and he uses variable tones of voice. Openings of conversations include the exchange of greetings and John is aware of speech etiquette, an example of which is turn taking. During conversations, John will ask questions and whilst the answer is being given, will make back-channel noises such as uh-huh. He also responds non-verbally by nodding or shaking his head if he does not agree. I noticed that the head shaking comes before a verbal response when he is not in agreement with something. He does not pause often when speaking and could best be described as a transactional speaker, he provides information with clarity, therefore he is also a referential speaker. TEXT LEVEL For the purpose of this assignment, I had asked John to write approximately 200 words including a little about himself and his interests (Appendix 1) I know that John does not have a lot of confidence in writing and that he found this very challenging. It would be unclear as to what purpose the text serves or to the audience it is meant for had I not had prior knowledge of the reasons for the text. It has been presented as a small self-portrait of oneâ„ ¢s hobbies or even life, the informal style and the fact that the text does not fully converge on any specific topic, makes it rather difficult to predict the audience and the purpose. It is also clear in the text that John is not too intent to write, as is seen in the last paragraph; but obviously is proud of his own self at being able to finally write a full descriptive essay about his activities and hobbies. This along with the fact that he is attending college to increase his knowledge and overall understanding of reading and writing, further makes the indication that he is just learning and has obviously improved a lot since. John completed the text in an informal language and style therefore it is appropriate for the purpose and the audience. COHESION AND COHERENCE Although the content of text is by far cohesive, it lacks coherence to a very large extent. Initially the text spoke about fishing and Johnâ„ ¢s hobbies and interests in photography and film. The three main topics are connected but are hardly coherent as they lack any specific aim. The jumpy transitions from the description of fishing as a weekend past time, to watching films, especially the abrupt jump to the talk about pets are rather incoherent and in parts lacks cohesiveness. A number of connectives have been used like so that, I do take, so etc. that adds to the cohesiveness and clarity of the text, although in some places the usage is not really required. Referencing has been hardly used. John uses the word fishing repetitively as also in the instances where he uses the word film twice and the phrase a lot of pets. The lexis and register of the text is clearly identified from words like mate, carp-fishing, we go, sunsetâ„ ¢s and sunrises etc. The over-usage of linking devices and the lack of referencing and the typical use of lexis and register make the text forcefully cohesive while it lacks the essential element of coherence. SENTENCE LEVEL The structure of the sentences is very flawed and has a childish nature. The syntax has no regard to tense (I am watching films, we got a lot) or to grammar and formation (e.g. birds lotâ„ ¢s of birds). The sentences lack punctuation a number of times and in few places are punctuated erroneously. The sentence type is declarative throughout and the usage of compound sentences is not seen much. John uses small simple sentences like I do a lot of fishing. Thatâ„ ¢s carp-fishing. The use of clauses is absent in some places and in others misplaced. The absence can be clearly seen in the large number of simple sentences that could have been clubbed into a compound one using a suitable clause; instances such as the description of fishing, three sentences and pets, a number of jumbled up simple sentences. In places like so that means I load, Friday morning before work, which is etc. the clauses manage to clearly explain the meaning, though the usage seems to be flawed and overly done at times. WORD LEVEL The learner seems to have mastered English morphology of forming words using differences in tense from their root words. The authorâ„ ¢s lexis and vocabulary seems to lack in the essential smaller details of English language such as the usage of determiners, conjunctions and prepositions. At placed like fishing and shooting, trapping, etc. small words like, and have been misplaced. John appears to belong from an educated background yet one from where the use of correct grammar or vocabulary both in spoken and written language is not much stressed. From the last paragraph it is also evident that John does not write or read a lot. Obviously, this is because of his dyslexia. There is also some confusion with homophones and in tis particular text, he confuses to. His spoken pronunciation affects the spelling in places where the words have been spelled as they have been spoken; enjoy has been misspelled as injoy, straight as straet, chicken as chicking and course as cores. Although, John has mastered some aspects of English, his inflectional morphology clearly suffers where all the plurals have been written as with an apostrophe. Small improvements in these areas of morphology and uses of conjunction etc. as well as spellings will help John to use more complex statements, increase text quality and remove some useless features of his text. PROGRESSION John has been attending literacy and numeracy classes at college for four years. He passed Adult Literacy level 1 in 2010 and was working towards level 2 but unfortunately was unable to take the exam before the qualification changed. John came to the group expecting to take Functional Skills level 2 but now realises that the qualification is very different to the previous adult literacy certificate and has now accepted that level 1 is a more realistic goal for this academic year. Each individual dyslexic learner is different and will display a different set of strengths and weaknesses, and we therefore cannot provide a complete definition for dyslexia that will reflect the difficulties of every learner (Rice, 2004). Because of his dyslexia, John has always felt that he is being held back and he is extremely focused on learning to read and write more effectively. One of the primary difficulties in dyslexia, is that of phonological processing. One theory suggests that dyslexic learners experience difficulties with phonological representations in their working memory and research supports that this is the case (Mortimore, 2003). Mortimore (2003) also reports that dyslexic learners do not seem to use phonological mnemonics ¦as readily as othersâ„ ¢, that they have difficulty maintaining phonological information using rehearsal or repetitionâ„ ¢ and that they do not spontaneously attach verbal labels to picturesâ„ ¢. I feel it is important for John to revisit phonics and have introduced a resource to him that includes pictures. Initially he was apprehensive about using it but having had chance to evaluate, he realises it is a useful tool and is happy to continue using it. John needs to be able to identify the phonological sounds in order to develop his understanding of decoding words. The learning programme should be well structured and include explicit teaching of phonology and phonics as well as exposure to a range of texts. The focus for Johnâ„ ¢s progress should not just be on his literacy needs, but consideration must be made of his emotional and cognitive needs, life skills and coping strategies. There are obvious issues with tenses and punctuation and these will form part of group session work with additional hard copy resources. Chappel and Walker (2001) found that three strands of provision were necessary to help adults with dyslexia: a structured language programmeâ„ ¢, life skillsâ„ ¢ and coping strategiesâ„ ¢. There is also the opportunity to work on inflections and homophones to add clarity to the learning. I will be introducing some repetitive writing patterns for John to work through over the coming weeks and the aim is for him to work on constructing more complex sentences, concentrating particularly on cohesion and coherence. I also think that focus should be out on text, the structure and chronological texts, use of paragraphs and how meaning is built. Now that John is more comfortable in the group, reading will be in the form of both paired and group work. John works particularly well with a specific member of the class he attends and I aim to pair them together. Teachers should work with learners to investigate which teaching approaches work best. To this end, they must ensure that students learn to name their experiences and develop their voices. This is particularly important for dyslexic students, who have long complained that their descriptions if learning are ignored, as if irrelevant to the teaching process. If teachers will only listen, students will explain the nature of their dyslexia and then methods can be generated accordingly. (Nora Hughes, 2010) Appendices Appendix 1 â€Å" Learner text REFERENCES: Mortimore, T, 2003. Dyslexia and learning style: a practionerâ„ ¢s handbook, 2nd ed. London: Whurrs Publishers pp.110/264 Rice, M, 2004. Developmental dyslexia in adults: a research review. London: NRDC pp. 113 Nora Hughes Irene Schwab (2010). Teaching Adult Literacy. London: The Open University. Pp. 324 325. The University of Warwick (2012). Spoken discourse. In: Day 3, November 7th 2012, Warwick University. pp. 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Geert E. Booij., The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology, 2nd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. Jones A., 1998, Why Are Logical Connectives Sometimes Detrimental to Coherence, Chapter 12. Halliday, M.A.K; and Ruqayia Hasan., 1976: Cohesion in English. London: Longman. 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price and place Essays

price and place Essays price and place Essay price and place Essay Lecture 5: PRICE AND PLACE Price: Define the pricing concept and explain different pricing methods ( cost oriented, competitor oriented and market oriented pricing) -Explain pricing strategies for new products( market penetration and market skimming) AND existing products. ( Understand condition and when we can use it) -Consider ethical issue in pricing ( dont think it will be on the exam) PLACE: Define place(distripution) concept and explain the role of intermediaries in distribution channel Describe types of distribution channels Explain factors to consider in formulating channel strategy Consider ethical issues in distribution Past exam questions: 1 . Define two pricing strategies for new products: MARKET SKIMMING AND MARKET PENETRATION. List the conditions which are suitable for each of these strategies according y. Provide examples for each strategy. 2. Critically assess the benefits of two pricing strategies for new products: market skimming dn market penetration. Discuss which pricing method you would use and why in lunching the new phone and the game console PS4 PRICE: What will happen if we charge too much for a product o too little? If you charge too little, then you have to understand that demand fo a product or service could be igh, we will be losing a profit for the organization, and if you charge too much for a poduct we have to think about competitors, who can charge less than us. 1. Pricing Concept: Out of marketing mix(4Ps) Pice is the revenue earner. The other thee elements of the marketing mix product, promotion and place are costs. 2. THE DEMAND CURVE: In the demand curve we r talking about the product and the price relathionship. For example is you charge E50 FOR A particular t-shirt or Jeans , then the quantity in the market could be lets say 2000 units. If they decries the price from E50 to E30 then you xcept the demand fo the product to increase from Quantityl to quantity 2. And from 2000 units demand can be now 3000 units. By reducing the price from E50 to E30 we increased demand for pear of Jeans to go from 2000 to 3000 units. The products that we are buying at the supermarket when a huge sells promotion and then demand increased is and this is called PRODUCT AND PRICE ELASTILITYCY or we say that the price is elastic in this case. By increasing the price, we are not able to increase demand of the product. If you think about market with luxury objects like watch, increase in price not necessary impact increase in demand of this product. Even sometimes aecrles In prlce can sena negative signal to tne market. Example: the guitar producer; very high quality producer. When they decided to demand their prices of 30% send negative signal to the customers and the company suffered. There are also product which are price elastic. There are also other factors which demands: like promotion, if you talk about different region of the country, income levels per country, tradition, 3. PRICING METHODS: (strategies) -Cost Oriented Pricing: The simple pricing method takes into account all cost of producer product then we ad additional mark up. Two types are: Full Cost Pricing: pricing takes into account full cost of making product which can be fixed and variable and adds mark up. This can include fixed cost and also variable cost. Direct Cost Pricing: Calculation of only those costs that are likely to rise as output increases ( variable costs) -fixed costs: these costs dont change as output increases , for ex: office and manufacturing facilities. Variable costs: the cost that increases as output increases, for ex: raw materials, electricity. Lets assume that full cost of producing one pair of Jeans E50 (its included fixed cost as well variable cost), hen of to of them we want additional 20% so we happy to sell it fo E60 ( Elo OF Profit on each Jeans). Direct cost involved : we can only take in to account only variable cost; we ignore fixed cost. FULL COST PRICING: A DVANTAGES: By using full cost pricing we include all cost incurred , were would it be the fixed cost or variable cost. So it is gives an indication of the minimum price, needed to make a profit. If you dont charge the minimum price to make a profit then company will be making a lose It X has the constraint, we use other methods. AND this will be competetitive pricing as well marketing orientation price. If you dont consider all cost in the long term company will be making lose o could go bankrupt because if you dont cover all the cost in term it is difficult to make a profit and if you are not making a profit, you wont be able to cover the cost in the long term. CRITICISMS: Because its looks in a personal orientation rather than in external marketing orientation by charging a price, we are ignoring the customer willingness to pay. Lets assume that I develop a new product for example a laptop, and using a new software. Each laptop costs me E2000 to produce. How much profit I want to make Lets say 25%. Lets charge E500 more so my laptop is E2500. As a manufacturer I decide that I sell the laptop for E2500. It will be success? Everything depends on demand. Either the customers may be able to purchase the product and if they are willing to buy my product or not? E2500 may be too expensive and the customers will for another cheaper option. The second is followed strictly, leads to incise in price when demand falls. So when I produced my laptop it was E2000 this include fixed and variable cost; And every time demand falls for the laptop because is to expensive; And I need to still cover my fixed cost. facilities I use in the factory o fixed salary to my employees. So every time demand falls, for example I expected to sell 10. 000 units of my laptop, but I sold Just only 5000. So I still need to cover the fixed cost (for the factory, fixed salary and so on). So what happened is: the price for a product will increase because you want to cover more rather than chargingE 2. 500, now I need to cnarge Decause I nave more costs to cover so I need to cnarge E4000. When you think about it ,it doesnt make logical sense; from the market point of view because my product sold already because there is no much demand and nstead of reducing the price or changing some feature of the product you are increasing the price of the product to cover all my costs and the result will be that my company would go bankrupt. Is illogical because a Sales estimate is made before a price is set. Maybe problems in allocating overheads. The fixed cost for the organization is E50. OOO; I expect to produce 50 units and I expect to sell 50 units. So all those E50. OOO fixed cost each product will allocate EIOOO. It is difficult point of view because reality point of view we have competitors and the market acceptability of the product. And the last problem is: when I produce or example various product with in one organization it will be very difficult to allocate all head cost like electricity, rent and labour. Without to be technical what its means is when you have overhead cost such like rent, gas I will have to allocate those cost into each product. The where you allocate those costs actually will define how much the product will cost. And is very complex process, if you get it wrong some product may not be sale very well in the market , some good product actually could be pull out of the market because of the wrong allocation of the overall. DIRECT COST PRICING: Advantages: We ignore fixed cost we Just consider the variable cost; and direct cost relevant in producing one additional product in the manufacture facility. Why would I do it What are the advantages of ignoring the fixed cost Direct cost pricing avoid the problems of allocating the overhead; Indicates price up demand the problem because rather than allocating the fixed cost every time to a product we are putting in the side, we are only consider cost directly reverent to each unit of the product. Lowest price which allows the marketing people to identify the lowest price which makes sense to charge for the product. For example: If you think about Hotel or airline industry; there are some fixed cost there are also some variable cost. Airline ; ex: there are 200 seats every day on particular fly from London to Madrid. If there are 200 seats by rather we fly with 1 person or 200 people, the price, the fixed cost incurred will remain the same, but variable cost changes. For each ticket to fly we are charging E200, out of those E200, EIOO is a fixed cost (such as salary of the pilot, fuel, the charges we pay to the airport) and there are EIOO variable cost which is directly related to each passenger (the meals provided, drinks and so on). If you are the manager for this airline on the particular date only 10 people fly there will be very difficult to cover all cost. So you have dilemma and you know you cant charge E200 for a ticket, but what you can do , you can charge El 50 or E120. What does it allow us to do When we charge El 50 thats definitely covering the fixed cost, we cant do anything about it. But on top of that is also allowing us to earn what we call PROFIT MARGEN of E50. So when we sell the ticket for El 50, EIOO covers the all additional costs and variable costs and on the top of that we have E50 extra; this E50 wont cover nls Tull Tlxea cost, nowever Its covers some 0T tne Tlxea costs wnlcn Is DeneTlclal to the company. If we wont sell the tickets for a El 50 still for any lost seats on the airplane we are losing fixed EIOO (the fixed cost) So if you sell any ticket abo the EIOO it is benefitial. Criticisms: When business is buoyant, we have more demand for a product an it doesnt give any correct indication of optimum price customer is willing to pay because in this case we are charging low and actually price of the product; Using airline as a example, when we are charging direct cost pricing it can work only in the short term because if you se the strategy in the long term it means in the long term you are not covering your fixed cost and company in the future will be making significant loses SUmarazing the DIRECT COST PRICING it is a good strategy, but Just for a short time. PRICING METHODS: 1. COMPETITOR ORIENTED PRICING : Our pricing depends on what the competitors charge. Going- rate pricing: when we thing that our product or service is not different in a particular market and doesnt have any differentiation and doesnt have any competitive advantages the company will accept going rate. For example raw materials like otton; if you buying particular product it can be the same , however competitors can provide additional services, for example: better customer service , it could provide better credit terms. Ex: REAL TED TO THE Steel stake holder Trummans, who sales steel. They have the same steel product sales to the customers ; one of the strategies Trummans uses to sales the steel to the large organizations, it develop strategy of delivering on the time and there was the price guaranty saying that if they dont deliver on the time they will give 10% of money back. This strategy was so successful for organizations. Producer they were willing to pay 5% more. Competitive bidding: This happens more often in business-to-business market (82B), when organization are selling products or services to another organization. One of the difficulties in competitive bidding; example NHS or school authorities decided to build 10th additional school and they want the other instruction companies in the I-JK to bid the contract. One of the challenges in competitive bidding is charge blind. You do your research, and then you charge. Usually the supplier will choose the lowest (most competitive) price. If you were working for a particular community who should decide ho should the build the school. What are the other factors you would consider? Factors apart from price we consider, how reliable is the construction company; what are the time frame, did they build schools before, do they have the skills, is there guaranty, and many other factors. 2. Marketing orientated pricing: its listens to the market and his strategy is obviously reflected in there. There are some key factors: a) Marketing strategy: when you thinking about pricing the product o service, each should be in line with the marketing strategy. For example when we launch a new product there are TWO STRATEGIES available to us: MARKET SKIMMING or PRICE PENETRATION and both of those methods could be use when we launch a new product. You cant use both in one time; you can use one or tne otner. Ana tnen It wlll nave tne marketing consequence. What is our positing strategy: when we are launching a new product our choice of target market and creating differentiation advantage, the value is delivered to the customes. For example: when first calculators were developed they had 3 key segments: they had engineers and scientists who pay high values to the calculator and accountants and bankers and general public. o for the first segment they charged E250 per calculator, when for general public when Casio entered the market was Elo or less. So managers should decided which target market they should concentrate on, and understand the values. When we think about Mercedes Case study, we look on over their sells to higher customers then and now they are increasing their segment, they are bringing modify versions of the cars which are bit cheaper to the high car segment. Merceds by producing different models, modify the versions of the models they are able to charge different prices and then attract the arger segments B)Price quality relationship: there is a relationship between price and the quality received by customer. Many people use the price as a indicator of the quality of the product or service. The study has shown that higher price of the cars presets higher quality. Ex: pills for the pain. They were two types of pills, one E2. 50 ,other EO. 50, but they were the same pills. But after research on customers , the consumers said that pills for E2. 50 were working better. Another example is trying the wine, test with 2 bottle of wine. c) Product Line pricing: you looking in existing roduct and you expending product range so you can charge different price ranges. For example, when you think about Apple, when they launched iPod shuffle for E50, when the iPod cost E250. By bringing the simple version of the iPod, you are attractive new segment, because there is a massive different between to pay E50 and E250. and this increase the revenue for the organization And profit. However, you need to be very careful by charging to little for the product to an attractive a new segment, and it can send it confusing message to the other segment. d) Negotiating margins: is where we expecting the price reduction. When we pay the price different from the list price. It can depend on getting large order, paying cash in developing countries which is an advantage. if the negotiating price is a part of the culture, of tradition; and those companies who are launching their product in this particular country should be it should take it this in to the count with their pricing strategy. d) Political factors: If you charge high prices and the public cry European commission can intervene, like for medicine products and childrens games. For example in the I-JK regulation off come had to reduce the prices like orange. If there is situation of monopoly and the only one organization provides the service or oligopoly,when we have few large players in the market , market should be tightly controlled by organizations which consider competition and protects their customers. For example if you think about recent out cry of increase prices of electricity and gas by 10%, so you have 6 large players in the I-JK market which dominate 95% of the market. So if they decide to increase the price by 10% those 6 organizations work together and is very difficult for the customers to go somewhere else because you dont have an option. Politician can entered and hold them for the price changes. e) Costs: what every we do in the market, in the future the price we charge should cover all cost consider, whatever it could be variable cost or fixed cost as such. f) Effect on OlstrlDutors/ retallers: wnen we use tne OlstrlDutors, Tor example IT you nave aalry product manufacturer and you sale your products through the supermarkets. In this case when you change the price, you need also consider rules of the retailers. For example, the Mullher yogurts, if you want to use penetration pricing distributors can refuse your product, it is not much profit to be made. ) Competition: in the market, you cannot operate in isolation. There are always other companies offering similar product or service. Your price is in one way or to other, and is related to your competitors. We need to understand who the competitors are. First, you have imitative competitors the competitors who are producing technically similar product. You can have secondary competitors : different product selling in the same way. h) Explicability: means that sells people to explain why they are charging particular price, specifically the higher price for product and service. They should be able to justify the price. Think about the Michelin tires, there are one of the biggest manufacturers in the world. As far as car manufacture is considered and being the largest in the market they also charge the premium price for the particular tires. If you are the car manufacturer you want to understand why are you paying the premium price. If they are able to explain why the price is high due specific technology to develop those particular tires, higher quality, the longer life of the product then obviously the manufacturer may be more willing to purchase the product and pay higher price than the competitors. i) Value to customer: it is very mportant to us to estimate what is the product value to the customer; because we can use various methods to assess their value to the customers as far as manufacture product is concerned. We can use different test to see how much customer is ready to pay for the product: 1. rade of analysis :it measure between the price and other product features which may impact the product preference; For example, by using the trade of analysis could it provide it different product features with different price range and could be asked what product they prefer. You can even do the test for a launching the ice cream. By applying trade of analysis you find what should be the optimal price and what qualities should be included in the product which are valued by customers. 2. Experimentation : when we have the particular product , lets say if you think about supermarkets they have hundreds of stores in the I-JK. When the launch a new product in a different location they can launch the same product with different prices i different location, to asses the customers reaction where they are happy to buy a product. They can decide for other stores what should be the price. When they do the experimentation , they can use ontrolled store experiment, they selct some stores and compeer ; for example if you have 300 stores you pick 50 of them and you launch the product and in other 250 you launch the product; then you compare the impact of the price change of those 50 to other 250 stores. . test marketing: works in the way if you have again 300 stores, rather than launching the product you can decided to pick up several stores to launch the product with the particular launching strategy and to see how it is performing as far as the pricing is concern you can make good decision of what should be the pricing, the strategy for the overall product of stores. 4. economic value analysis to the customers: ve ry important to 82B business. They consider the economic value of the product. Ex: Michelin tires . car manufactures purchasing tnelrs product, tney want to unaerstana wnat Is tne economic value 0T partlcular tire And what the duration of this product. for example you pay more, but last double time than the competitors product. PRICING NEW PRODUCT STRATEGIES MARKET SKIMMING: Marketing Skimming Pricing- is when we charge a high price to attract the least price sensitive market segments. We try to attract the market segments, which are not price sensitive. Many companies which invent a new product initially set high prices to skim the revenues layer by layer from the market because when they launch a new product there are not other product available in the market. Good example will be when digital cameras were first introduced they were selling for over E 1000 for the public and for around E 5000 for semi professional. In 2003 when Canon introduced similar cameras but they were priced less than EIOOO they sold 1. billion units in a year because was huge demand. Another good example will be when Sony launched first HD TV in 1990s the price was E30. OOO per TV, and now around E500. There are 7 key factors which should be applicable when we use the skimming market: what we need to take toa count for a particular organization it doesnt need to be all 7 conditions, it could be some of the conditions met. 1. Product provides high value: If the product provides high value you can charge the premium price. But what you need to take to a count is high value could be due functional compatibility of the product; for example, better design, better material, better technology, but also could be some sociological value when you buy a perfume roduct like Chanel, is more a sociological value than the functional value. 2. Customers have high ability to pay: If the customers are not able to buy the product it is very difficult to sell it. For example when you launch the product in the development countries your product could be offer a very high quality , you may have very high demand for a product. However, you cant launch the product using skimming strategy if the income of those people does not allow to buy your product 3. Consumer and bill payer are different: For example hotels. Hotels can charge premium price during the weekdays where mostly business people stay in the hotel. However, on the weekends they can charge much lower prices for the families. During the business needs , the company is more than happy to pay a premium price and the people dont pay for the room, the company that they work for them. The same with the trains, in the morning they charge more, because they now that professional are going to work. 4. Lack of competition: in extreme case you will have the monopoly and there is one large organization in the particular market and where is no competitor you can charge a premium price, because customers they dont have any option, for example the gas/oil company. 5. Excess demand: limited amount of supply and the price for the product goes up. 6. High pressure to buy: in case of emergency customers are happy to pay more for the product o service. For example, the airplanes companies, they pay more for the urgent repairs.. Because where is the problem at the airport territorial and they need and urgent repair. The cost of the urgent situation they will pay the premium price. 7. Switching costs: it could be very expensive Tor me to cnange my product needs Trom one suppller to anotner. IT you think about an organization, lets say if you are particular retail bank and you already nvested millions of pounds in your IT system and you are using lets say windows operating system and on the top of that you are investing rather on other program. Lets say windows 8 and related problems and as a organization you are not happy with your windows operating system; at the same time changing the windows operating system you need to consider the switching cost, money already invested. Changing the operating system can be very expensive( training the stuff and so on). Switching the mobile phones for example from iphone to Samsung, and you have at home your music system that works with the iphone, but doesnt work with the Samsung mobile. So this may be expensive, because you may have to buy a new music system suitable for a Samsung. PRICING NEW PRODUCTS STRATEGIES MARKET PENETRATION PRICING: MARKET PENETRATION PRICING we use aggressively low price to gain volume and market share. Companies can set a initial low price to penetrate the market quickly and deeply to attract a large number of buyers in the market and have large market share. Once the market share is won, organisation may decide to increase the price which happens in most of the times. There are 6 conditions 1. Only feasible alternative: For example if you have a product, which is not so ifferent to competitors product in the market and you want to launch this product you have to go to competitive launch pricing. You try to charge similar price as your competitors or you charge less price to attract more customers. 2. Market penetration or domination: some companies use market penetration or domination strategy to gain the market share. For example, insurance company the Direct Line was launch , aggressively challenge all insurance companies because they offer direct services . And now they are the market leader for home and auto- insurance. 3. Experience curve effect/ low costs: example for higher product which uses market penetration and domination strategy by charging market penetration prices. High quality product you charge lower price , penetration pricing once you have the market share then you increase the price. Good example will be the Mercedes company in the US market in 1967. When they entered the market in the US the Mercedes wasnt known for the quality. They charged much lower price in 1967 to attract more customers, to let customers know. hat good quality cars they were producing. By 1982 the Mercedes doubled the price. if you increase output of the roduct, the cost reduces. If the production double then the cost of producing the product reduces by 20%. The larger corporations which they have high production facilities they can significantly reduce their prices so they have better market competitive advantage to bit the competitors. For examp le, Intel due to the large market share (80%) when they were challenged by smaller company AMD, due to the cost advantages of Intel they could reduce the price up to 60%. Within 6 weeks they defeated the competitor. Because the Itel was already making the huge profit, they could manipulate the prices to bit the competitors. . Make money later or elsewhere: Make money later- when you make a product you are happy to not making any profit Tor tne product you sell, out tnen agaln you wlll make money later on selling additional product. For example the printers. You buy the printer for E30 and then you run of the ink, so you need to buy a new ink for your printer. So if you buy a new one you must buy ink for a particular printer. And then you have to pay some like E40/50, Those companies make more money on selling the inks for the printers than on actually printers. The other example will be the Gillette company with theirs razors. They make more money on razors than on blades. They make 5% on the razors, and 95% is coming from the blades. Make money elsewhere for those who drive the cars so you need a petrol, sometimes supermarket who sells the petrol doesnt make money, but they work as a trigger to attractive people to make the shopping. . Barrier to entry: If you have already low price, it can be difficult for competitors to enter , example : easy Jet and Rainair. They have already large market share they allow to manipulate the market, as at the same time it will be very difficult for a new companies to enter to bit them with the prices. . Predation: is when you artificially reduce price to put you other competitors out of the business. Once you get rid of you competitors then you increase the price for your product. Microsoft was accused for predation, when they banded 3 software such as internet browser and Media Player with his best selling windows operating system. NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH STRATEGY: High Rapid skimming Slow skimming Rapid penetration Slow penetration PROMOTION Low PRICE Rap10 SKImmlng ana Slow sKlmmlng: we cnarge tne premium prlce, promotlon could be high as well or promotion could be low, when we call a slow skimming. RAPID SKIMMING- when we charge a lot of money for the product and spend a lot of on promotion. For example Nike or Adidas: they spend significant amount money on promotion. However, there are some companies whose not spending money on promotion. For example, the Rolls-Royce company , they are expensive, but they dont spend money on promotion because this is very well know brand. The same the Swiss watches. PENETRATION PRICING : THE price is low but we can spend huge amount of money on promotion or lower amount of money on promotion. RAPID PENETRATION: in this case we spend a lot of money on promotion but the price is low. When you think about easy Jet and Rayanair when they spend significant amount of money to promote the cheapest fly. SLOW PENETRATION STRATEGY: when we say the price is low but we dont spend any money on promotion. Especially if we have on label brand , any supermarket ; asda fines wines, etc. PRICING EXISTING PRODUCTS STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES BUILD OBJECTIVE: and e want to increase the market then it would depend whatever on price sensitive market so price lower than competitors. If the price is insensitive then pricing, strategy depends on positioning strategy; for example, sometimes increasing the price could be a etter strategy, depending where you are in the market. Example Luis Vuitton when during Christmas they were struggling with the supplier with their particular bags they did increase the price by 20%. This increase made that people were even more interested to buy the bags. In this situation added value to the brand . HOLD OBJECTIVES: (HOLD SALES/ MARKET SHARE): we are protecting our market share. we dont want to increase our market share but in the same time we dont want to reduce it. Everything depends on how on competitors are doing. Supermarkets: the biggest 6 have their shares and they dont want any other to enter. If Tesco starts the war of reducing the prices then Asda would follow AND THE same strategy would by follow buy other. So they are fghting with each other to make sure they wont lose their position in the market share. HARVEST OBJECTIVE ( MAINTAIN OR RAISING PROFIT MARGINS EVEN THOUGH SALES/ MARKET SHARE FALLING) : when we serve one segment and we want to move to other segment. Reposition the existing product. Ex: Skoda cars, they had to reposition their product, because few years ago their cars were cheap, bad quality. Once Skoda repositioned their segment they became one of the top sellers in the western Europe. PLACE ( DISTRIBUTION)

Construction contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Construction contract - Essay Example 3 contract gives special emphasis to creating a spirit of mutual trust and cooperation between the parties of the contract and this has been added as the first clause of all NEC3 contracts, giving it a legal value. Another major difference between NEC3 and other forms of contract is the ability of NEC3 to warn the parties of contract about possible risks like increase in cost, delay in completion etc making possible the assessments of risks and timely mitigation through mutual consultation. Under the clause 61.3 the contractor is bound to notify the project manager about any compensation event within 8 weeks otherwise the burden of compensation will lie on the contractor, this clause is partly in conflict with prevention principle and can create legal complexities. NEC3 contract ensures risk management during the very beginning of contract through distribution of responsibilities and creating a ‘legally bound’ mutual trust. By creating an atmosphere of trust and cooperation and through proper documentation NEC3 contract removes the communication deficit between parties of the contract which is a very common reason behind the failure of various projects. The JCT05 or the FIDIC cont ract are more detailed as compared to NEC3 however the simplicity offered by NEC3 is the key to better understanding and grasp by all parties of contract and thus ensuring a collaborative, efficient and good management of the

Eddie Mabo, the Indigenous Land Father Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eddie Mabo, the Indigenous Land Father - Essay Example For almost a decade, this man fought for the rights of his people by taking a case to court with the intention of having it overturn the terra nullius land system in Australia, which alienated the indigenous people from their land. The sheer determination of this man, against all odds, ensured that he had one of the greatest wins in Australian history for an indigenous person, because the ruling made, overturning the terra nullius system, ensured that over three hundred years of injustice had almost come to an end (Pannell and Vachon 2001, p.238). The overturning of this system further granted the indigenous people the confidence of identifying themselves with the land of their ancestors and ensured that their right to it was recognized beyond doubt. Eddie Mabo was a man who rose from humble origins as a gardener to becoming one of the national icons of Australia because of the fact that he was deeply involved in fighting for the rights of his people. While he was born in the Torres Strait Islands, Mabo spent most of his life in Queensland, and was in fact not a well-known figure in his home island until after he took his case on indigenous land rights to court. It was only after his death from cancer as well as the court victory over the land issue five months later that his fellow indigenous people on the island welcomed his as one of their own. His victory did not only affect the people of his home island but also all the indigenous people of Australia and this is the reason why Mabo has become one of the most respected men among them (Burke 2007, p.240). The idea that an indigenous person could almost singlehandedly challenge the Australian status quo and gain a great victory from it was one of those instances which were unheard of in the history of this country. The indigenous people had long been suppressed by the colonial government, and later by the white settlers who dominated and continue to dominate almost every aspect of life in Australia (Furniss 2001, p.279). Mabo’s posthumous court victory ensured that the indigenous people were recognized as a legitimate part of the Australian population with the same rights as those who dominated the society (Thorner 2009, p.391). Furthermore, it may have played a role in the recognition of indigenous people as reasoning human beings who had, throughout the history of the colonization of Australia had been treated unfairly; the court case was therefore the first step in correcting the injustice done to them (Reilly 2000, p.23). The overturning of the terra nullius policy can be said to be, in reality, a policy of inclusion whose purpose is to ensure that all the Australian people have an equal chance to compete in making their dreams and aspirations come true. Previously, indigenous groups were completely excluded from the majority of economic activities in Australia except for those which were considered to be labour intensive (Nettheim 2008 p.167). Moreover, these groups were rarely ever accepted in the mainstream Australian life, therefore, Mabo’s court victory can be said to have been a step towards the inclusion of the indigenous people into the centre of Australian society. From the very beginning of the Mabo’s case in court, there has been opposition towards it with those against it stating that it is giving an unfair advantage to minority

Business plan - operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business plan - operations - Essay Example In case services it need the permission for offering services and a tax structure that taxes the services and income separately. The next stage is to get permission for recruiting qualified personnel to offer services on phone and physically. 1 The firm is a sole proprietorship company. The proprietor will be at the helm of the affairs. Under him the managers of the services, marketing, customer care and technical departments will be present. Under them service representatives, marketing executives, call service operators, and technical personnel who take care of the machinery and instruments of the company are needed. Even a small business in the likeness of the one discussed in this paper needs independent professional accountant. He can help the firm in relations with Bank. The professional accountant post is not included in the organizational structure mentioned above so that the company can have a person on contract. As the firm is dealing with services it needs the legal advice in time. As the firm considered is doing small business the legal advisor also can be contacted on a monthly payment basis to seek advice. 2 In the small business of PC and Internet service offering the company needs qualified personnel and the kits that need in using while servicing a Computer or a peripheral like Printer etc. These tool kits and machinery that offer chip level servicing will be costly. The company can buy the machinery needed for chip level servicing after gaining enough business regarding card level servicing. So initially the company needs no costly machinery and can least bothered about insurance issues. Regarding cost of the machinery the company needs to purchase from the firm that quotes the least and offer the best. The Business premises for the small business that offer PC and Peripheral services needs a minimum of 6 rooms. One is for the Cabin of the proprietor. The other four for the departments mentioned in the previous chapters. The

Example Essay On Developing Communication Skills In Nursing Essay

Example Essay On Developing Communication Skills In Nursing Essay Nurses largely affect society in the health care system by helping, supporting and caring for an individual, a whole family or even an entire community. While in the medical surroundings, the nurse becomes the primary contact for the patient in care and spends a lot of time with them. Before approaching a nursing care situation a nurse needs to clear all judgments and respect every individual, as there are many different religions, morals and personal beliefs in the world today. Therefore nurses need to develop the ability of quality communication skills which helps to create great interpersonal relationship skills in nursing. Communication and interviewing are both skills needed to develop interpersonal relationships within the nursing environment. Communication skills are the first skills noticed in a person. Effective communication skills are crucial for nurses. When first greeting a patient or person the individual level of communication is most evident. Communication has two main elements, verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication is the use of languages, words, sounds and letters and non-verbal communication is that which is only seen, such as body language, gestures and other signs of the human body (Eunson 2008: 260). While in a hospital-like environment, all aspects of communication skills are needed because of the variety of people you need to communicate with. The use of rich vocabulary is important in educating and informing patients although the nurse needs to make sure the patient understands the information given (Dallas Sully 2005: 50). Listening is also a very important communication skill needed in nursing. Nurses need to have the ability to actively listen to doctors and patients needs to give quality care. Through listening, nurses put aside their own perceptions and demonstrate acceptance and respect for those they are listening to (Dallas Sully 2005: 50). An effective way to demonstrate active listening is to be aware of the body language used. By not using eye contact, fidgeting and doing other tasks which distract the nurse while with the patient may decrease effective communication. Another important communication skill is the ability to accurately record written information. This is a very important skill as without clear concise notes recording the patients vital signs, the quality and consistency of care may be at risk. These notes are a form of communication given to the doctor to assist in determining the patients diagnosis and continuing care. Without effective communication, the interviewing process may be dramatically affected. The foundation of an interpersonal relationship is in the interviewing and assessment process. Interviewing is the first very important process in a nursing care plan. This process is when the nurse interviews the patient to determine details of their current health, history and personal needs and ways in which the nurse can meet the patients needs (Crisp Taylor 2009: 262). Before conducting an interview, multiple things must be considered such as the people present, the environment and how much time is available to the nurse. Interviewing can be very invasive for a patient; this is why we need to consider their privacy in the hospital and around family. The environment surrounding the patient can also limit the information you will get from the patient in the interviewing process and inhibit a comfortable and trusting nurse-client relationship (Dallas Sully 2005: 80). Interviewing skills involve the use of other communication skills including questioning skills, explanation skills and also the ability to communicate with relatives of the patient (Dallas Sully 2005: 75). There are multiple ways in which a question can be asked. A nurse must have the ability to determine how questions should be asked depending on the topic, circumstance and environment. If a question that is asked needs an elaborate answer an open question may be used, this allows the patient to answer with full detail which can lead to other answers required for the nursing assessment (Crisp Taylor 2009: 263). Closed questions are used in a variety of situations; they allow an answer to be given specifically and limit explanation (Crisp Taylor 2009: 263). After asking a question it is sometimes necessary to clarify with the patient the answer they have given, this is the use of explanation and paraphrasing skills (Dallas Sully 2005: 49,79). Explanation and paraphrasing skills are also important to give information to the doctor, patient and relatives. The interviewing process enables the beginning of a nurse-client interpersonal relationship. Therapeutic relationships with patients are essential in nursing. Communication skills and the interaction level which is given to the patient ultimately influences the comfort and trust levels which the patient will feel, this then has effect on the interpersonal relationship (Chitty 2005: 491). Interpersonal relationships in nursing have three phases; establishing the relationship, building the relationship and the ending of the relationship (Stein-Parbury 2009: 42-48). Establishing the relationship is the initial interaction between the nurse and client, and is when trust and comfort are introduced (Stein-Parbury 2009: 42-45). Building the relationship is when the nurse and patient have an understanding of each other and the expectations of care (control and power) (Stein-Parbury 2009: 46,47). Ending the relationship happens for a number of reasons for example the patient recovers, the nurse moves placement area or the death of the patient. This stage can be emotional for both the nurse and patient. The use of effective communication must be used throughout the interpersonal relationship to establish appropriate knowledge that a nurse has. Interpersonal relationships are important in the nursing environment as it enables the most possible quality care to the patient. A nurse-patient relationship enables the patient to be comfortable and allow maximum recovery while in care. A good interpersonal relationship with a patient can also develop into relationships between the nurse and the patients family. This helps in assisting the family with information needed and assists to comfort the patients family that their family member is being cared for at the highest standard, as expected. The relationship also establishes a good nursing rapport which gives the nurse confidence and also helps with future interpersonal relationships. A reflection piece on nursing skills exercised is an excellent way to help develop and maintain great quality skills that help the nurses care to patients. This reflection piece is on my interviewing process with a role played 49 year old woman with a two pack-a-day smoking habit for 35 years who has bronchitis. As this was the first time I had used the communication, interviewing and assessment skills that I had learnt I felt a little nervous and not confident to begin with. Many things were good with my overall interviewing process for example my verbal and non-verbal communication skills. I felt I was very conscious of my body language ensuring I was actively listening at all times. I also used the reviewing and paraphrasing skills to confirm I understood correctly what the patient was informing me of. This then also reassured the patient I was listening. I feel that it took a while for me to feel comfortable and confident in my communication skills therefore the patient didnt seem comfortable with me until half way through the interview. If I couldve been more confident in the beginning the patient may have felt more comfortable and trusting of me, this wouldve also helped our further interpersonal relationship. Another skill which needs more work is my questioning skills, being conscious of what questions need to be open or closed. With more practice I think I will feel more comfortable and confident in myself, which will then help to bring out my communication skills to full potential. This will help me in the future with interviewing process and help me develop into a high quality nurse. Nursing has many crucial elements which are necessary to ensure a good quality of care. The nursing process is developed to encourage individualised care; this then achieves meeting all patient needs in and out of the hospital setting. Effective communication skills include the use of verbal and non verbal language, vocabulary, listening and written record taking skills. The nursing interview and assessment process is a part of the nursing care plan which is a crucial process to enable a nurse to assess a patient to full potential. These both help to develop a therapeutic interpersonal relationship which is increasingly important for both the patient and their family. The relationship allows a patient to trust and feel comfortable with the people surrounding them while being cared for. These important nursing skills enable the highest quality of care for all patients in the nursing environment. Words: 1424

Organization :: Free Essay Writer

Organization Structure The United States Navy is an enormous organization spanning the entire globe. The chain of command covers everyone involved with the Navy from the President of United States all the way down to the eighteen-year old just checking into his first command. There are literally hundreds of different specialized jobs in the Navy all requiring different leadership styles and organization structures. Overall the entire United States Navy is based on a mechanistic organization with some variations throughout do to the wide variety of job fields. For instance my particular job field is one of the more technical fields in the Navy so we generally have some differences in organizational structure than that of the sailor painting the ship painted. I am currently working at the Fleet Area Control and Surveillance Facility (FACSFAC) located at Naval Air Station Jacksonville. FACSFAC as a whole is a mechanistic organization divided into two departments and several divisions providing basic functions ranging from things as complex as air traffic control to maintaining the cleanliness of the building. There is a Department Head over each department with several Division Officers reporting directly to them. The Department Head in turn reports directly to the commanding officer on all matters related to their individual departments. The air traffic control division is further divided into three sections of controllers that report directly to the Radar Branch Chief who reports to the Division Officer. Professionally the sections are managed in a boundary-less, team-based structure although militarily they are still run as a mechanistic organization. In some of the less technical divisions there is only a mechanistic organiz ation. Although the Navy does not have a formal organizational network, its’ use of informal organizational networks are critical to its’ success. Many times during a military career the member will make friendships with other members in the same job field. As time goes on and the members transfer from one facility to another they are able to call on one another for solutions to problems they may come across. With the rise of the Internet these networks are being used in situations that in the past would have been impossible. There are basically four major types of boundaries affecting businesses today, the authority boundary, task boundary, political boundary and the identity boundary.